Landscape Governance Capacity Framework framework for assessment and strategic guidance of governance at landscape level International Conference on Forest Landscape Restoration under Global Change June 7th 2017 Ilse Hennemann, Wageningen Centre for Development Innovation

Wageningen University & Research Wageningen UR is located in the Netherlands and focusses on life sciences – food, landscapes, natural resources, plants sciences etc. Consists of faculties and 9 applied research institutes of which CDI is one.

Wageningen Centre for Development Innovation (CDI) WUR provides the following 3 services (interaction): research, education and value creation. Within CDI we contribute to this latter one and try to bridge between science & practice. We therefore focus on capacity development processes and domains of landscapes, climate, food & nutrition security and value chains. We work mainly in projects in low and middle-income countries. Research Education Value creation

Why do we work on landscapes? Complexity and interrelation of current global problems Prevention of working in sectoral silo’s It connects products to place Engagement from business sector Sustainable development goals - Global problems (like cc) have local impacts and increase the complexity of issues at landscape level - It overcomes the approach of jurisdictional, sectoral, administrative boundaries Can change the way we look at value chains, by connecting them to their sourcing areas There is a role to play for businesses (rather seeing them as solely the drivers of deforestation) LA can be one of the approaches which can help to achieve some of the SDGs

The landscape So what do we understand as a landscape? We believe it a geographical area, containing both the natural environment and human systems that depend and shape this area. It can be visualised as puzzle where, each landscape service/function can be approached sectorally or in a integrated way, where they fit together into one puzzle/logic and influence and interact with each other.

The landscape Forest areas, when they realised that natural resources are increasingly fragmented, Connected to upstream area, tourism

The landscape that forests cannot be seen in isolation from its local inhabitants and their livelihoods,

The landscape who are increasingly involved in, or affected by, commercial agriculture,

The landscape What is the influence of cities, relation to urban areas, are people migrating?

The landscape

The landscape This requires industrial production, and energy

The landscape

The landscape This multi-functionality is not just defined by that what we find within the landscape’s geographical space. It is also defined by outside actors and factors, that shape the landscape. Most landscapes in this world are affected by globalisation. Besides internal landscape dynamics, landscapes are also influenced by external factors such as transportation, migration, globalization, consumption elsewhere, international agreements, investors, climate change

The landscape Productive landscapes are connected to global consumers, who, by their taste and preferences, co-shape the landscape

The landscape

The landscape

The landscape

The landscape

Landscape governance When we talk about LG, it is about the people shaping this landscape and their spatial decision-making processes. Who are the stakeholders? To what extent are they in dialogue with each other, who is represented, what kind of institutional space is there to negotiate about landscape processes?

Landscape governance Taking into account their different world views, their discourses, and their special interests and powers behind

Landscape governance

Landscape governance

Landscape governance

Landscape governance defined Multiple landscape services & functions Multiple stakeholders, conflicting interests Power imbalances Networks across political- administrative and sectoral boundaries Creation of new institutional arrangements All embedded in a unique “place” Landscapes are often stretched over wider areas, crossing boundaries between administrative entities or jurisdictions. They cover several municipalities, counties, parts of provinces, or the borderlands of adjacent countries. In all such cases, spatial decision making does not fit in the formal spatial planning structures of states. In other words, the socio-ecological processes taking place in landscapes are often not in synchrony with the political and administrative organization of states. This asynchrony hampers the process of building strong and coherent institutions within the landscape. Therefore, an important aspect of landscape governance is reconnecting the administratively fragmented landscapes, and building bridges between actors and sectors operating at both sides of the boundaries. The biggest problem for this lies in the way in which we have organised our world, in regions, countries, provinces, strictly separated by boundaries. This fragmentation has resulted into fragmented governance systems, and partial policies which do not match with the multi-functionality landscapes.

Landscape governance requires new capacities Adaptive management Working in an interdisciplinary setting Valuing tangible and intangible landscape values Integrating policies and practices New knowledge, new skills and new attitudes Competence based learning

Internal landscape, but every landscape is also part of a ‘wider landscape’

Think and act integrated landscape Thinking about core capabilities involved in sustainable and multi-actor supported landscape governance Awareness about common landscape, sense of belonging, identity Understanding of dynamics, drivers of degradation Seeing opportunities of moving forward Ready to engage

Think and act integrated landscape Achieve coherence in landscape diversity Facilitating MS networking Find common concern and common vision Power relations – levelling playing field Conflict mgt

Think and act integrated landscape Achieve coherence in landscape diversity Make institutions work for the landscape Recognising various institutions and their function within landscape Engaging external institutions Policy integration/link up to different scale How to build/strenghten institutions

Think and act integrated landscape Achieve coherence in landscape diversity Create landscape market value Make institutions work for the landscape What are the livelihood benefits Opportunities for landscape businesses How to make landscapes economically viable, not dependent on donor money How to engage private sector Landscape certification

Think and act integrated landscape Achieve coherence in landscape diversity Manage landscape resources sustainably Create landscape market value Make institutions work for the landscape NRM, Spatial planning, implementing landscape activities , participatory M&E

How to interpret outcomes Next steps Think and act integrated landscape Achieve coherence in landscape diversity Manage landscape resources sustainably Create landscape market value Make institutions work for the landscape A practical tool Simple, but not simplistic Excell Two angles How to interpret outcomes Next steps

Example from Kenya – South Rift Landscape 23/06/2018 Example from Kenya – South Rift Landscape Understanding the landscape (mapping tools) Defining Landscape Governance and translation to Maasai Defining objectives and indicators Assessing SORALO’s capacities in order to strengthen Landscape Governance SORALO - Southern Rift Association of Land Owners Building the LG framework with SORALO to reframe their LG related activities, by assessing the strengths/weaknesses of the landscape. It helped them to strengthen their programme and to make the outcomes more explicit and measurable.

Relevance for FLR Landscape Governance a prerequisite for FLR 23/06/2018 Relevance for FLR Landscape Governance a prerequisite for FLR Gives an insight into strengths & weaknesses of the landscape Identifies capacities needed for FLR to take place Gov is key for large scale restoration. Hampering factors for FLR are often institutional and governance issues.

Where to find the framework http://www.forestlands caperestoration.org/tool /landscape-governance- capacity-framework Contact Ilse.hennemann@wur.nl Bring copies

23/06/2018 Thank you! www.wageningencampus.nl www.wur.nl