Macronutrients, Micronutrients, Animal Food Characteristics, Nutrients and Health, Food Consumtion, and Malnutrition 平成30年9月12日

STUDY ACHIEVEMENT No Components Percentage (%) 1 Formatif (Knowledge and Understanding) Mid-term Exam 35 Final Exam 2 Sumatif (Managerial Skill) Quiz 10 Task others (Kedisiplinan dan Keaktifan) 3 Practical class (Practical Skill) - Total Score 100 平成30年9月12日

Nutrients Nutrient is a substance obtained from food and used in the body to promote growth, maintenance and/or repair. Essential nutrients are those the body cannot make for itself in sufficient quantity to meet physiological need and so has to be obtained from food. Food is a nutritive material taken into the body for maintenance of life, growth and repair of tissues. Nutrients Classification: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. 平成30年9月12日

Nutrients Carbohydrate, fat, protein and vitamin are organic compounds. Minerals and water are anorganic compounds. Constituents other than nutrients: alcohols, organic acids, pigments, additives, toxicants, and contaminants. Burning food: evaporating water and oxidizing organic compounds into gas (CO2) and water vapor and remaining ash (minerals). An organic compound is a one that contains carbon atoms. 平成30年9月12日

Nutrients The first organic compound known were natural products synthesized by plants or animals. It has been expanded to include all carbon compounds, whatever their origin. The organic nutrients are carbohydrate, fat, protein, and vitamins. The first three yield energy for human use. Metabolism is a set of processes by which nutrients are rearranged into body structures or broken down to yield energy. 平成30年9月12日

Nutrients The amount of energy released from the nutrients can be measured by calories (kcal). Oxidizing organic compounds yield energy: 1 g cabohyhrate : 4 kcal 1 g protein : 4 kcal 1 g fat : 9 kcal 平成30年9月12日

Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fats Carbohydrates, fats and proteins are break down into simpler compounds. The processes yield energy and fragments of original materials. Fragments are used to build new compounds contributing to fat, muscle or other tissues, or excreted as waste materials. Energy is used to build new compounds, work and escape as heat. Carbohydrate, fat and protein should be consumed 50-200 g of each per day to meet body energy need. 平成30年9月12日

Vitamins There are two groups of vitamin: fat-soluble vitamins and water-soluble vitamins. Fat-soluble vitamins: vitamin A, D, E, and K Water-soluble vitamins: B vitamins and C vitamin The body may break down them but cannot extract usable energy from them. The vitamins are destructible, so it has implication of food handling and cooking methods. The vitamins are unstable to excessive acid, alkali, air, heat, or light. 平成30年9月12日

Vitamins The role of vitamins are to help processes of which other nutrients are digested, absorbed, and metabolized to body compounds or excreted. Mostly serve as cofactors or co-enzymes in enzymatic reaction. 平成30年9月12日

Minerals Minerals are inorganic elements and they occur in even simpler forms. Mineral can exist as a single charged atom (an ion), component of bone and teeth, component of some kind of protein and vitamin. Major minerals: calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chloride, magnesium and sulfur. Trace minerals: iron, iodine, zinc, chromium, selenium, cobalt, molybdenum, copper, manganese, vanadium, tin, silicon, and nickel. 平成30年9月12日

Water Water is a major part of every body tissue. Water is inorganic compound and yield no energy. Intake water per day 2000-3000 g Source of body water is from food, drink and metabolic process. Water provides the medium in which nearly all the body`s activity are conducted. It participates in many metabolic reactions. It provides the medium for transporting vital materials to cells and wate ptoducts away from them. 平成30年9月12日

Nutrition Status Nutrition status can be assessed by both nutrient deviciency (undernutrition) and overnutrition. Undernutrition: underconsumption of energy or nutrient. Overnutrition: overconsumption of energy or nutrient. Both are malnutrition which also includes imbalance of nutrient or energy intake. 平成30年9月12日

Undernutrition Primary deficiency is caused by inadequate dietary intake of nutrients. Secondary deficiency is caused by something other than diet, such as disease that reduce absorption, increase excretion or causes destruction of nutrients. 平成30年9月12日

Overnutrition Overnutrition leads to be imbalance intake of nutrient or energy. Overnutrition also leads to be toxicity condition. 平成30年9月12日

Nutrient Status Assessement Obtaining information of the diet recording/history. Physical examination of clues to poor nutrition status, such as hair, eyes, skin, tongue, fingernails. Taking sample of body tissues (such as blood or urine), study them in the laboratory for the effect of abnormal states. Taking of anthropometric measures such as height, weight. 平成30年9月12日

How well do we eat? Information of nutrients you need and what foods supply them. Combine those foods into a healthful eating, and Tailor the eating plan to your lifestyle. 平成30年9月12日

Why do we eat as we do? Personal preference Habit or tradition Social pressure Convenience Economy Nutritional value 平成30年9月12日

Recommended Nutrient Intake Many countries have developed nutrient standard. USA uses RDA (recommended dietary allowance). Canada uses RNI (recommended nutrient intake). 平成30年9月12日

Recommended Dietary Allowance RDAs are daily recommended intake of nutrients intended to provide for individual variations among most normal, healthy people in the US under usual environmental stresses. RDAs are set for energy, vitamins and minerals. RDAs are not requirements, and not certainly not minimum requirements. 平成30年9月12日

Recommended Dietary Allowance RDAs are not minimum amounts but represent the approximate midpoints of range within which nutrient intakes above or below these range might be equally harmful. RDAs are for healthy persons only. 平成30年9月12日

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