Warm Up: Why was Rome able to grow so rapidly?

Roman Expansion (in Italy) Conquest of Italy Took 200 years Granted full or partial citizenship Tax and legal benefits Developed loyalty in conquered Italian areas Invasion by King Pyrrhus (pyrrhic victory) Roman colonies Established in strategic locations Established by treaty Troops sent when needed Customs of the area left intact Colonies were mostly for trade, with some military purposes

Roman Expansion (outside Italy) Punic Wars Phoenicians (Poeni) Sicily Hannibal attacked Rome Help of non-Roman Italians(?)

Background Rome was interested in Africa, particularly the Phoenician city of Carthage. Why? Carthage had outposts all across the Mediterranean at different times during the 3rd Century BC. They included Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, North African coast and southern Spain( conquered by Hanilcar, Hannibal’s father). The Carthaginian navy posed a threat to western parts of Italy

Rome was an infantry power Carthage was a naval power Rivalry and Suspicion lead to 3 wars

First Punic War (264-241 BC) Rome broke a non-invasive treaty with Carthage and invaded Sicily War was off and on for 23 years Rome claimed victory Rome created ships to connect to enemy ships Dropped corvus onto enemy's ship

Corvus change a naval battle into a land battle. It was a movable bridge with a metal prong. Once the two ships were tied to each other, the Romans could use the ships as platforms for fighting.

As such, they surrender Sicily The Romans were successful in defeating the Carthaginians at Sicily because of the Corvus. As such, they surrender Sicily Sicily becomes Rome's first province

Second Punic War (218-202 BC) Rome became suspicious of Carthage's growing force in the Mediterranean Carthage had created a powerful empire in Spain with a terrifyingly large army. Hanilcar Barca conquered Spain. He was Carthage’s general in the first Punic war. Hannibal, his son, promised to remain Rome's enemy. He became Commander of armies in Spain. He pressed North and captured the independent cities in 219 BC in Spain.

Rome demanded its release. Hannibal refused and planned an attack on Rome. He crossed the Alps in a surprise attack on Rome 40 000 infantry 8 000 Calvary 60 elephants – used for transportation

Alps extend from France through Switzerland and Italy into Austria, Slovenia, and Croatia

After 15 days he entered the Po Valley with 20 000 infantry 6 000 calvary 20 elephants Still a surprise attack because Roman never could imagine a leader taking his troops over the Alps. Beat Rome for the first time at the Trebia River Rome sends men North – Rome loses at Lake Trasimeno. Hannibal proceeds to Rome

Cont’d Rome turns to a military leader name Fabius. Believe that Hannibal lacked equipment for a prolonged siege and any delay would hurt the Carthaginian food supply. Fabius’s methods were too slow for the majority of Romans. 216 BC Hannibal and the Roman’s marched against each other at Cannae [kan-ee] Hannibal brought Gauls from the north to help him – 50 000 Hannibal used a crescent-shaped formation that budged in the center with infantry and cavalry on the wings. Many southern towns began surrendering to Hannibal fearful for their lives.

Hannibal vs. Fabius Hannibal was certain that Roman allies would join him—but allies stayed loyal Fabius was asked to become dictator Romans called him "The Delayer” eventually removed him from power 2 consuls replaced him—bad military leaders sent 80 000 soldiers against Hannibal--vastly outnumbering the Carthaginian army completely destroyed by Hannibal' "pincer" strategy the largest defeat Rome ever suffered; proved that Fabius was right to avoid direct battles; the Romans readopted Fabius’ strategy. Roman allies in the south took Hannibal's side; Sicily allied itself with the Carthaginians, and the king of Macedon, Philip V, who controlled most of the mainland of Greece, allied himself with Hannibal.

Hannibal’s fading army Hannibal army moved around the Italian countryside unopposed. Hannibal was weak in numbers and in equipment. He didn't have enough soldiers to lay siege to cities such as Rome, and he didn't have either the men or equipment to storm it by force. In 211, he marched right up the walls of Rome, but he never laid siege to it.

Scipio Rome Knew Hannibal was dependent on Spain for future supplies and men, so they appointed a young, strategically brilliant man as proconsul and handed him the imperium (power) over Spain. This move was unconstitutional, for this young man had never served as consul. His name: Publius Cornelius Scipio (237-183 BC). Scipio, later called Scipio Africanus for his victory over Carthage (in Africa), by 206 had conquered all of Spain, which was converted into two Roman provinces. Hannibal was now left high and dry in Italy.

Scipio Cont’d Crossed into Africa in 204 BC and took the war to the walls of Carthage itself This forced the Carthaginians to make peace with Rome; part of the treaty demanded that Hannibal leave the Italian peninsula.

Hannibal Hannibal was one of the great strategic generals in history; during his war with Rome he never lost a major battle. Now despite winning every battle, he lost the war Hannibal returned to Carthage, the Carthaginians rose up against Rome in one last gambit in 202 BC. At Zama in northern Africa, Hannibal, fighting against Scipio and his army, met his first defeat. Rome reduced Carthage to a dependent state; Rome now controlled the whole of the western Mediterranean including northern Africa.

The End of The 2nd Punic War The Second Punic War turned Rome from a regional power into an international empire: it had gained much of northern Africa, Spain, and the major islands in the western Mediterranean. Because Philip V of Macedon had allied himself with Hannibal and started his own war of conquest, the second Punic War forced Rome to turn east in wars of conquest against first Philip and then other Hellenistic kingdoms. The end result of the second Punic War, in the end, was the domination of the known world by Rome.

3rd Punic War 149-146 BC In the years between the end of the second and beginning of the 3rd Punic wars, Rome undertook the conquest of the Hellenistic empires to the east Romans were especially angry at the Carthaginians who had almost destroyed them. The great statesman (educated in gov’t and exhibits great wisdom) of Rome, Cato, ended all his speeches, with the statement, "I also think that Carthage should be destroyed”.

Third Punic war Cont’d Through the first half of the second century BC, Carthage recovered much of its prosperity through commerce, although it had not gained back much power. Romans, deeply suspicious of a reviving Carthage, demanded that the Carthaginians abandon their city and move inland into North Africa. The Carthaginians, who were a commercial people that depended on sea trade, refused. The Roman Senate declared war, and Rome attacked the city itself. After a siege, the Romans stormed the town and the army went from house to house slaughtering the inhabitants. Carthaginians who weren't killed were sold into slavery. The harbor and the city was demolished, and all the surrounding countryside was sown with salt in order to render it uninhabitable.

Summary War with Carthage Rome Triumphs Rome and Carthage begin the Punic Wars—three wars between 264 through 146 B.C. Rome defeats Carthage and wins Sicily in the first 23-year war. Hannibal, the Carthaginian general, avenges this defeat in the Second Punic War. He attacks Italy through Spain and France, but doesn’t take Rome. Rome Triumphs Roman general Scipio defeats Hannibal in 202 B.C. Rome destroys Carthage and enslaves its people in the Third Punic War from 149-146 B.C.

Roman Expansion (outside Italy) Conquest of the East and West Allies rather than servants or slaves Toleration Corruption in the Greek kingdoms Some states given to the Romans Fast, direct attacks with strong determination and discipline Outnumbered in most battles Victory over Parthia

-Punic Wars Reading and Questions -Roman Republic Crossword