Ch. 9 - Solids, Liquids, & Gases MATTER Ch. 9 - Solids, Liquids, & Gases I. States of Matter Kinetic Molecular Theory Four States of Matter Thermal Expansion

A. Kinetic Molecular Theory KMT Tiny, constantly moving particles make up all matter. The kinetic energy (motion) of these particles increases as temperature increases.

B. Four States of Matter Solids low KE - particles vibrate but can’t move around definite shape & volume crystalline - repeating geometric pattern amorphous - no pattern (e.g. glass, wax)

B. Four States of Matter Liquids higher KE - particles can move around but are still close together indefinite shape definite volume

B. Four States of Matter Gases high KE - particles can separate and move throughout container indefinite shape & volume

B. Four States of Matter Plasma very high KE - particles collide with enough energy to break into charged particles (+/-) gas-like, indefinite shape & volume stars, fluorescent light bulbs, TV tubes

C. Thermal Expansion Most matter expands when heated & contracts when cooled.  Temp causes  KE. Particles collide with more force & spread out. EX: thermostats (bimetallic strip)

Ch. 9 - Solids, Liquids, & Gases MATTER Ch. 9 - Solids, Liquids, & Gases II. Changes in State Phase Changes Heating Curves

melting point = freezing point A. Phase Changes Melting solid to liquid Freezing liquid to solid melting point = freezing point

A. Phase Changes Vaporization (boiling) liquid to gas at the boiling point Evaporation liquid to gas below the boiling point Condensation gas to liquid

A. Phase Changes Sublimation solid to gas EX: dry ice, freeze drying, iodine

A. Phase Changes

B. Heating Curves Kinetic Energy motion of particles related to temperature Potential Energy space between particles related to phase changes

B. Heating Curves Gas - KE  Boiling - PE  Liquid - KE  Melting - PE  Solid - KE 

B. Heating Curves Heat of Fusion energy required to change from solid to liquid some attractive forces are broken

B. Heating Curves Heat of Vaporization energy required to change from liquid to gas all attractive forces are broken EX: steam burns, sweating, and… the drinking bird HEATING CURVE

Ch. 9 - Solids, Liquids, & Gases MATTER Ch. 9 - Solids, Liquids, & Gases III. Behavior of Gases Pressure Boyle’s Law Charles’ Law

A. Pressure Which shoes create the most pressure?

A. Pressure Key Units at Sea Level 101.325 kPa (kilopascal) 1 atm 760 mm Hg 14.7 psi

A. Pressure Barometer Manometer Atmospheric Pressure Contained Pressure

A. Pressure Effect on Boiling Point When atmospheric pressure increases, the boiling point of a liquid increases. EX: high altitude cooking, boiling cold water

B. Boyle’s Law When the volume of a gas decreases, its pressure increases (at constant temp). PV = k P V INVERSE

B. Boyle’s Law

C. Charles’ Law When the temperature of a gas increases, its volume also increases (at constant pressure). V T DIRECT

C. Charles’ Law

C. Charles’ Law -273°C or 0 K Absolute Zero - Temp at which... the volume of a gas would equal zero. all particle motion would stop. -273°C or 0 K