When two or more atoms bond together, a/an __________ is formed.

Biochemistry Intro Notes We are going to start studying life on the smallest level, a level so small you cannot even see with a regular microscope… A Molecular Level…. http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/scale/

Matter Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space Matter is made up of different elements (periodic table) Does the air in this room contain matter? Why?

Elements Elements are pure substances that consist entirely of one type of atom. Elements are represented by one or two letter chemical symbol. What chemical symbol represents carbon? Helium?

Which of the following contains only one element? NaCl C6H12O6 H2O2 O2

Main Elements in Living Matter 90% of all living matter is composed of just 4 elements Carbon C Hydrogen H Oxygen O Nitrogen N 97% with Phosphorous (P) and Sulfur (S)

Atoms necessary for life

Molecules Molecules form when two or more atoms bond or associate together Molecules have different properties than the elements that make them up.

Sodium (Na+) Chlorine (Cl-) (gas) + Table Salt (NaCl)

Practice Which of the following are molecules? H2SO4 CO2 H2O O2

How many atoms are in H2SO4?

Chemical Reactions Chemical reactions rearrange bonds Nothing is created nor destroyed, just rearranged Reactants  products

Practice What are the reactants? What are the products? 4Al + 3O2  2Al2O3 2 N2O5    4 NO2 + O2 What are the products? CaCO3   CaO + CO2 4H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O(l)

Metabolic Reactions Catabolic reactions: Break down complex molecules into smaller ones Releases energy Forms waste Fuels anabolic reactions Ex. Digestion, cellular respiration Anabolic reactions: Build complex molecules from simpler ones Needs an energy input Necessary for growth Ex. Protein synthesis, photosynthesis

Catabolic fuels anabolic

Organic molecules Organic molecules- molecules that contain carbon atoms Exceptions: carbon dioxide (CO2), Calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and plastics Biomolecules – organic molecules built and used in living organisms Organisms are “organic” meaning carbon based

Organic molecules Molecule with all atoms shown Same molecule with carbon chain not shown Every point has a carbon atom

Organic molecules Glucose is an organic molecule Formula: C6H12O6 Forms a ring structure when placed in water Ring structure diagram does not directly show carbon atoms. One atom at each point.

Biomolecules The 4 main classifications of biomolecules are Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

How are biomolecules made or broken down? Through chemical reactions: Sucrose  Glucose + Fructose Amino acid + amino acid  Polypeptide

Biomolecule formation Monomer – a molecule that tends to link with other molecules of its kind to form a chain Polymer – a large molecule made up of repeating monomers Monomer + monomer + monomer = polymer The four main biomolecules each have monomers and polymers

Biomolecule formation Polymers are built through dehydration synthesis (or condensation) reactions which bond two monomers together Polymers are broken down into individual monomers through hydrolysis reactions In digestion, the polymers in your food are broken down through hydrolysis and then rebuilt through dehydration reactions in your cells

Dehydration (condensation) reaction summary: Monomer + monomer  polymer + H2O An OH group from the end of one monomer bonds with a H from the end of another monomer A water molecule is lost from the reactants and is formed as a product (condenses out) A bond is formed between the 2 open atoms on each end of the monomers to form a polymer

Dehydration/condensation

Polymer decomposition through hydrolysis H2O + polymer  monomer + monomer A water molecule is added to break the bond The OH group from the water molecule bonds with the end of one monomer and the H bonds with the end of the other monomer This breaks the bond between the two monomers

Polymers The properties of polymer molecules are determined by the individual monomers and their arrangement

Practice Is this hydrolysis or dehydration synthesis?

Draw it out Draw 3 monomers joining together in a bond through dehydration synthesis. Draw 1 polymer breaking apart to 3 separate monomers through hydrolysis.