Video on Demand (VoD) March, 2003

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Presentation transcript:

Video on Demand (VoD) March, 2003 Ofer Hadar Communication Systems Engineering Dept., BGU URL: http://www.cse.bgu.ac.il/~hadar Copyright @1999, O. Hadar

Cable VoD Architecture Video repository Internet headend server PC Multicast videos to video server 10-1000 popular videos רשתות תקשורת מולטימדיה (37111231) אוניברסיטת בן-גוריון בנגב - המחלקה להנדסת מערכות תקשורת

Near VoD Basic idea:If several users watch the same part of the same video, the video can be broadcasted and the users can tune in. Near VoD is appropriate when there are many users and a small number of videos. Play staggered phases of each video. To see a video, user must wait until one video phase ends and restarts. Example: 100 minute video with 10 phases gives a max delay of 10 minutes. P= # of phases. רשתות תקשורת מולטימדיה (37111231) אוניברסיטת בן-גוריון בנגב - המחלקה להנדסת מערכות תקשורת

Near VoD with Cable Server sends P phases of each video MP video streams for M videos headend broadcasts streams users tune in if multiple trees emanate from headend, then headhend can multicast videos to appropriate trees. Can use multiple servers. headend Video server PC 1000 homes רשתות תקשורת מולטימדיה (37111231) אוניברסיטת בן-גוריון בנגב - המחלקה להנדסת מערכות תקשורת

NVoD with VBR encoded Video Server sends P phases of each video When phase ends, video immediately restarts MP video streams for M videos headend broadcasts the MP streams Should be able to have larger M than with CBR encoding headend Video server PC R bps רשתות תקשורת מולטימדיה (37111231) אוניברסיטת בן-גוריון בנגב - המחלקה להנדסת מערכות תקשורת

Conventional Broadcasting Example 1 min Movie 1 Movie 2 Movie 3 Movie 4 Movie 5 Movie 6 Movie 7 Movie 8 Movie 9 Movie 10 Movie 1 Movie 2 Access Time = 10 min רשתות תקשורת מולטימדיה (37111231) אוניברסיטת בן-גוריון בנגב - המחלקה להנדסת מערכות תקשורת

Periodic Broadcast: Background Proxy : Segment video - transmit segment continuously on multicast channel Transmit initial frames more frequently - reduce startup delay 1 N Complete stream Segments Channel 1 Key idea : Periodic broadcast tries to reduce server and network transmission bandwidth by exploiting multicasting, client side buffering, and the ability to listen to multiple multicast channels In these schemes there is a server transmission schedule and for each client, a client reception schedule Server side - Segment video statically - transmit each segment continuously on separate multicast channel Transmit initial segments more frequently than later ones reduce startup delay, transmission bandwidth Describe example Client side - describe example. Need to receive a frame before its playout time. Client may receive from multiple channels simultaneously Bridge: Channel 2 Time Channel 3 t Client playout Client: Feasible reception schedule - receive each frame before playback time Workahead buffering, reception from multiple streams רשתות תקשורת מולטימדיה (37111231) אוניברסיטת בן-גוריון בנגב - המחלקה להנדסת מערכות תקשורת

Periodic Broadcast: beautiful theory lower bound on number channels needed to realize given startup latency closed form formula for required client network bandwidth L. Gao, J. Kurose, D. Towsley, “Efficient Schemes for Broadcasting Popular Videos,” Proc. IEEE NOSSDAV'98 רשתות תקשורת מולטימדיה (37111231) אוניברסיטת בן-גוריון בנגב - המחלקה להנדסת מערכות תקשורת

Pyramid broadcasting, Skyscraper broadcasting. Periodic Broadcast Examples Pyramid broadcasting, Skyscraper broadcasting. Divide a media file into K segments with increasing sizes (exponentially increasing) For skyscraper, 1,2,2,5,5,12,12,25.... Broadcast each segment on a separate channel Usually, assume each client can retrieve two segments. The small first segment permits low startup delay. The large later segments keep the total number of channels small. Property B ~ ln ( T/d ), close to the lower bound. רשתות תקשורת מולטימדיה (37111231) אוניברסיטת בן-גוריון בנגב - המחלקה להנדסת מערכות תקשורת

Skyscraper Broadcast (K = 6) רשתות תקשורת מולטימדיה (37111231) אוניברסיטת בן-גוריון בנגב - המחלקה להנדסת מערכות תקשורת

Video Patching [Carter,Gao,Hua] client “taps” into ongoing stream(s) workahead buffering client sent missing initial segment zero startup delay (unlike periodic broadcast) 1 900 10,000 Ongoing complete stream Client buffer New client arrives New client playout From server From buffer 1 900 Time (frame time) New partial stream רשתות תקשורת מולטימדיה (37111231) אוניברסיטת בן-גוריון בנגב - המחלקה להנדסת מערכות תקשורת

Periodic Buffer Reuse (PBR) Patching Q: how to use client buffer, size B Case t < B: First t frames from proxy, remainder from complete stream Complete stream 1 t t + B ... client buffer B New client playout From buffer New partial stream 1 t רשתות תקשורת מולטימדיה (37111231) אוניברסיטת בן-גוריון בנגב - המחלקה להנדסת מערכות תקשורת

PBR Patching (Continued) Case t > B : Complete stream 1 t t+B 2t 2t+B 3t 3t+B Client buffer B B B ... Client playout From buffer From buffer New partial transmission 1 t t+B 2t 2t+B 3t Period t רשתות תקשורת מולטימדיה (37111231) אוניברסיטת בן-גוריון בנגב - המחלקה להנדסת מערכות תקשורת

PBR Patching uses Thresholding threshold, T client arrives >= T after start of complete stream: start new complete stream else patch into most recently started stream T N Complete stream Partial streams Time N New complete stream Partial stream רשתות תקשורת מולטימדיה (37111231) אוניברסיטת בן-גוריון בנגב - המחלקה להנדסת מערכות תקשורת

Client immediately starts playing Stream Merging Bandwidth skimming Limited client bandwidth. Client immediately starts playing Also listen to ongoing streams (initiated by other clients). Stream merging occurs when the client catches up to others. Requirements Server divides stream into k sub-streams Each is multicast at rate 1/k. Client bandwidth < twice the stream bit-rate Property B ~ ln ( N ), with a small constant factor רשתות תקשורת מולטימדיה (37111231) אוניברסיטת בן-גוריון בנגב - המחלקה להנדסת מערכות תקשורת

Bandwidth Skimming רשתות תקשורת מולטימדיה (37111231) אוניברסיטת בן-גוריון בנגב - המחלקה להנדסת מערכות תקשורת

Bandwidth Skimming D: 1a-c C: 2a D: 2b, 2c C: 3a, 3b D: 3c C: 4a-c רשתות תקשורת מולטימדיה (37111231) אוניברסיטת בן-גוריון בנגב - המחלקה להנדסת מערכות תקשורת

Broadcasting strategy for geometric series Initial receiving time Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3 Segment 4 רשתות תקשורת מולטימדיה (37111231) אוניברסיטת בן-גוריון בנגב - המחלקה להנדסת מערכות תקשורת

VoD with e-PCTT smoothing Accumulative Bytes Segment 1 Size = n frames Segment 2 Size =2n frames Segment 3 Size = 4n frames Time רשתות תקשורת מולטימדיה (37111231) אוניברסיטת בן-גוריון בנגב - המחלקה להנדסת מערכות תקשורת

2 3 1 Segment 1 Size = n frames Segment 2 Size =2n frames Segment 3 רשתות תקשורת מולטימדיה (37111231) אוניברסיטת בן-גוריון בנגב - המחלקה להנדסת מערכות תקשורת

Total required Bandwidth Total Bandwidth = BW1 + BW2 + BW3 BW3 3 BW2 2 BW1 1 Time רשתות תקשורת מולטימדיה (37111231) אוניברסיטת בן-גוריון בנגב - המחלקה להנדסת מערכות תקשורת