Lecture 15 Deconvolution CLEAN MEM Why does CLEAN work? Parallel CLEAN NASSP Masters 5003F - Computational Astronomy - 2009

Deconvolution. How can we go from this to this? Deconvolution in the sky plane implies interpolation or reconstruction of missing values in the UV plane. But we, the human observer, can look at the top image and just ‘know’ that it is 2 point sources on a blank field. NASSP Masters 5003F - Computational Astronomy - 2009

The following ‘naive’ algorithm gives surprisingly good results: CLEAN The following ‘naive’ algorithm gives surprisingly good results: Find the brightest pixel xb,yb in the dirty image. Measure its brightness I(xb,yb). Subtract λI(xb,yb)B(x-xb,y-yb) from the image, where λ is a number in the approximate range 0.01 to 0.2. Repeat until satisfied. This is known as the CLEAN algorithm. The successive numbers λI are called clean components. NASSP Masters 5003F - Computational Astronomy - 2009

Problems with CLEAN: Mathematicians don’t like CLEAN. They say it ought not to work. There are lots of papers out there proving it doesn’t. But it does work, good enough for rough-and-ready astronomers, anyway. This is because the real sky obeys strong constraints: Nearly always there are just a few smallish bright patches on a blank background; Negative flux values don’t occur in the real sky. CLEAN doesn’t work really well on extended sources – can get ‘clean stripes’ or ‘bowl’ artifacts. It is difficult to know when to stop CLEANing. Too soon, and you are missing flux. Too late, and you are just cleaning the noise in your image. NASSP Masters 5003F - Computational Astronomy - 2009

More problems with CLEAN: Sources which vary in flux over the duration of the observation. Solution: cut the observation into shorter chunks, clean separately, then recombine. Clunky, loses sensitivity. ‘Parallel’ cleaning works well though. (Only relevant for wide-band case:) different sources have different shapes of spectrum. Parallel cleaning is also good for this – even when sources vary both in frequency and time! Sources which aren’t located at the centre of a pixel. Fixes: Re-centre on each source, then CLEAN them away. You guessed it – parallel cleaning can also help. NASSP Masters 5003F - Computational Astronomy - 2009

Sault R J & Wieringa M H: A&A Suppl. Ser. 108, 585 (1994) Parallel CLEAN: First developed to cope with wide-band imaging. The fundamental paper is: The basic idea is to construct a number of dirty beams, the jth beam (starting at j=0) by setting Vj(ν) to (ν/ν0)j/j! then FTing. Eg V0=1, V1=ν/ν0, V2=(ν/ν0)2/2, etc. Since the Vjs form a Taylor series, any spectrum can be approximated by a sum of Vjs; thus any source by a sum of Bjs. Sault R J & Wieringa M H: A&A Suppl. Ser. 108, 585 (1994) NASSP Masters 5003F - Computational Astronomy - 2009

Description of the problem: an example. If both point sources have identical spectra, there is no problem. S ν ν S NASSP Masters 5003F - Computational Astronomy - 2009

Description of the problem: an example. More realistic: different spectra: S ν S ν This will not clean away. NASSP Masters 5003F - Computational Astronomy - 2009

The Sault-Wieringa algorithm: 0th order S + ν νref Taylor expansion ν νref 1st order ν νref + A source spectrum: ν νref 2nd order etc… NASSP Masters 5003F - Computational Astronomy - 2009

Taylor-term beams 0th order 1st order 2nd order 3rd order max = 1.0 NASSP Masters 5003F - Computational Astronomy - 2009

A simulation to test this: 19 point sources from 0.001 to 1 Jy Spectra: cubics, with random coefficients. eg ν (GHz) NASSP Masters 5003F - Computational Astronomy - 2009

Alternate cleaning: (i) 1000 cycles of standard clean …not good. NASSP Masters 5003F - Computational Astronomy - 2009

Alternate cleaning: (ii) each spectral channel cleaned, then co-added. plus different beam sizes. …pretty good, but do we lose faint sources? NASSP Masters 5003F - Computational Astronomy - 2009

S-W clean to various orders (All 1000 cycles with gain (λ) = 0.1) 0th order (equivalent to standard clean) NASSP Masters 5003F - Computational Astronomy - 2009

S-W clean to various orders 1st order NASSP Masters 5003F - Computational Astronomy - 2009

S-W clean to various orders 2nd order NASSP Masters 5003F - Computational Astronomy - 2009

S-W clean to various orders 3rd order Not much left but numerical noise. NASSP Masters 5003F - Computational Astronomy - 2009

Time-varying sources: Source constant in time Source flux varying with time NASSP Masters 5003F - Computational Astronomy - 2009

Time-varying sources: I M Stewart et al – paper in preparation! NASSP Masters 5003F - Computational Astronomy - 2009

MEM – the Maximum Entropy Method. (Content for this slide pretty much copied from T. Cornwell, chapter 7, NRAO 1985 Synthesis Imaging Summer School. I haven’t studied ME myself.) What does entropy mean in this context? “Something which, when maximized, produces a positive image with a compressed range of pixel values.” An example: maximize I guess we would need to read Narayan and Nityananda 1984 to figure out what e is. I is the image we end up with M is our ‘best guess’ starting image. NASSP Masters 5003F - Computational Astronomy - 2009