Chapter 21: Life in the Industrial Age Focus Question: What were the technological , social, and economic effects of the Industrial Revolution?

Section 1: The Industrial Revolution Spreads Focus Question: How did science, technology, and big business promote industrial growth?

New Industrial Powers Emerge Belgium is first outside of Britain  France, Germany, and US follow Germany became largest European manufacturer By 1900, the US produced 30% of the world’s output Development was uneven Japan industrialized rapidly due to political revolution Eastern/Southern Europe industrialized slowly due to social and political conditions

Effects of Industrialization Conditions improve – social changes Large quantities of goods at lower costs – gradually changed standards of living Western powers began to dominate the world Look for new markets

Technology = Industrial Growth Henry Bessemer – Bessemer process New process for making steel from iron Lighter, harder, and more durable Alfred Nobel – invents dynamite Funds Nobel prizes

Electric Power Replaces Steam Michael Faraday – invents dynamo Machine that generates electricity Thomas Edison – incandescent light bulb Interchangeable Parts – simplified assembly and repair of products Henry Ford – assembly line

Transportation Automobile Airplane Nikolaus Otto – gas powered engine Karl Benz – 1886 – first 3-wheel automobile Gotlieb Daimler – 1887 – first 4-wheel auto “horseless carriage” Henry Ford – mass production, Model T Airplane Orville and Wilbur Wright 1903 – first airplane (Kitty Hawk, NC) Commercial flights begin in 1920s

Communication 1844 - Samuel Morse – Telegraph Washington, D.C. and Baltimore Morse Code 1860s – trans-Atlantic telegraph cable installed 1876 – Bell telephone 1901 – Marconi radio

Checkpoint: How did technological advances in transportation and communications affect the Industrial Revolution? Transportation Communication

Rise of Big Business Big business: an establishment that is run by entrepreneurs who finance, manufacture, and distribute goods Businesses sold stock to get capital (investment in company) Corporations: businesses owned by many investors

Monopolies Some businesses became monopolies (not the board game) Monopoly: all businesses in an industry are owned by one person Governments regulated monopolies and unfair practices Examples: Alfred Krupp – German steelmaking; John D. Rockefeller – Standard Oil Company

Checkpoint Quick Write: Why do you think big business leaders, such as Rockefeller and Krupp, were considered “captains of industry” by some, but “robber barons” by others?

Section 2: The Rise of Cities Focus Question: How did the Industrial Revolution change life in the cities?

Rise in Population Rise in population due to the fact that the death rate fell Better medicine More food Improvements in sanitation

Fight Against Disease Louis Pasteur showed the link between microbes and disease Pasteurization – killed disease carrying microbes Vaccines for anthrax and rabies Robert Hoch – identified bacteria that caused TB People realized germs cause sickness = bathed and changed clothes more often

Hospital Care Improves Florence Nightingale founded first school of nursing; improved hospitals Joseph Lister – discovered how antiseptics prevented infection Hospitals became more sterile

City Life Changes Landscapes change through “urban renewal”- planning and patterns Sidewalks, sewers, and skyscrapers Life remains poor in slums Unemployment Parts of cities are run-down Overcrowding High crime rates Cities offer more culture

Working Class Struggles Working conditions improved Unions Mutual-aid societies – self-help for injured or sick workers Standard of living rose Quality and availability of necessities and comforts in a society

Quick Write: Page 671 – Writing About History Choose a topic from this section (a hardship of city life, working class struggles, disease, etc.) Write a problem related to your topic and three possible solutions to that problem Which do you think is the most effective solution and why? You should have 4-5 sentences.

Sections 1 & 2 Review Page 666 #2-6 Page 671 #2-6

Planning Sections 3 & 4 – Use note-taking study guides Students responsible for individual topics – share & review Sections 3 & 4 – Use note-taking study guides Students responsible for individual topics – share & review

Section 3: Changing Attitudes and Values Focus Question: How did the Industrial Revolution change the old social order and long-held traditions in the Western world? MODEL WITH RELIGION TOPIC - Sections 3 & 4 – Use note-taking study guides Students responsible for individual topics – share & review

ISSUE: New Social Order Upper Class – Old nobility, new industrialists, business families Growing middle class develops its own way of life Lower middle class struggles to keep up with “betters”

ISSUE: Rights For Women Women seek fairness in marriage, divorce and property laws Women’s groups struggle for the right to vote

ISSUE: Growth of Public Education Many governments set up public schools and require basic education for all children Middle and upper-class students, including some women, attend colleges and universities

ISSUE: New Directions in Science Atomic theory leads to periodic table of elements Darwin’s theory of natural selection explains evolution

ISSUE: Religion in Urban Age Religious life remains at the center of communities Religious groups push for reforms to help the working poor

Section 4: Arts in the Industrial Age Focus Question: What artistic movements emerged in reaction to the Industrial Revolution?

MOVEMENT: Romanticism Rebellion against reason Emphasis on imagination, freedom, emotion Use of direct language, intense feelings, nature Romantic heroes Architecture modeled on past Music stirs deep emotions and glorifies past William Wordsworth William Blake Samuel Taylor Coleridge Lord Byron Victor Hugo Ludwig van Beethoven Charlotte Bronte Eugene Delacroix

MOVEMENT: Realism Represent the world as it was, without romantic sentiment Focused on harsh side of life Novels depict grim reality Plays bring realism to stage Painters focused on ordinary sujects Charles Dickens Victor Hugo Henrik Ibsen Gustave Courbet Thomas Eakins

MOVEMENT: Impressionism Capture the first fleeting impression made by a scene or object in the viewer’s eye Movement away from realism in reaction to photography Claude Monet Edgar Degas

MOVEMENT: Postimpressionism A variety of styles Georges Seurat Vincent van Gogh Paul Gauguin