The Industrial Revolution 1750 CE – 1850 CE

Aim: What Sparked the Industrial Revolution? 1750 CE – 1850 CE

Key Terms Enclosure Smelt Enterprise Capital Entrepreneur Textile Urbanization

Europeans Improved Farming Methods AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION Improved agriculture leads to Industry New Fertilizers/Soils/Crops People are able to share ideas about agriculture

New Inventions Lead to Greater Industrialization Inventor Invention Function Jethro Tull Seed Drill Plants Seeds in Straight Rows Thomas Newcomen Coal Powered Steam Engine Pumps Water out of Mines James Watt Steam Engine Powers Machinery, Locomotives and Ships Abraham Darby Iron Smelting Separates Iron from its Ore John Kay Flying Shuttle Weaves Thread Into Cloth Eli Whitney Cotton Gin Cleans Seeds out of Cotton Richard Arkwright Water Frame Water Powered Spinning Machine

Seed Drill

Spinning Jenny

Cotton Gin

Flying Shuttle

Water Frame

Steam Engine

Enclosure Enclosure – The process of taking over and consolidating (putting together) land formerly shared by peasant farmers. Impacts of Enclosure Farm Output Rose Profits Increased Decrease in Village Population People Migrate to towns and cities in search of work Increase in available labor force

Unprecedented Population Growth Movement from farms to towns/cities Demographic Shifts Unprecedented Population Growth Movement from farms to towns/cities What caused population increase? Food Surplus Medical Advances Improved Sanitation and Hygiene

Pollution

Urbanization

Industrial Revolution Began in England Agricultural Revolution Increase in Population Natural Resources Coal and Iron Favorable Geography Natural Ports Navigable Rivers Colonial Empire Raw Materials Political/Economic Stability Capital for Investment

Urbanization

British Economy Business Class Accumulated Capital Through Slave Trade Healthy Economy Led to the Rise of Business Enterprises Strong Navy Provided Stability to Trade Opportunity  Entrepreneurship

Britain’s Largest Industry Putting-Out System Textile Industry Britain’s Largest Industry Putting-Out System Raw cotton is sent to peasant families who spun it into thread Ends with the invention of the Flying Shuttle Inventions  Increased Production Factories

Putting Out System

Factory

Transportation Revolution Turnpikes Canals Steam Locomotive New Improved Transportation: Easier/Cheaper to Receive Raw Materials Easier/Cheaper to Ship Goods and Materials

Railway Development By Nation

Overall Railway Development

Aim: How did the Industrial Revolution impact European Society?

Key Terms Tenement Bourgeoisie Proletariat Salvation Labor Union

New Social Classes Bourgeoisie (New Middle Class) Business Owners Rags to Riches Lived the Good Life Industrial Working Class (Urban Poor) Poor Factory/Mine Workers

What was life like for the Working Class? Daily Life Struggled for Survival in Dirty Slums No Sewage or Sanitation (Stench and Pollution) Lived in Tenements Work Life Harsh Working Conditions 12 – 6 Hour Work Days/6 – 7 Days a Week No Safety Precautions Children – Began work at 7 Family Life More Women Workers Than Men

Female Factory Workers

Child Labor

Child Labor

How did the Poor Deal with Their Harsh Lives? Labor Unions Illegal/Secret Organizations Industrial Riots Violent Acts led by Secret Groups (i.e.. Luddites) Religion Methodism is founded by John Wesley People lost Faith in Church Stressed Personal Sense of Faith Salvation provided hope for poor

Aim: How did the Industrial Revolution Change the way People Think?

Society is Divided Into 2 Classes: Bourgeoisie (Haves) Owners of the Means of Production Hold Power Proletariat (Have Nots) Factory Workers No Power

CAPITALISM Market Economy, Free Market It is the economic system in which the means of production are owned by private persons, and operated for PROFIT and where investments, distribution, income production and pricing of goods and services are predominantly determined through the operation of a free market.

LAISSEZ – FAIRE ECONOMICS Economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference Theory is that without government interference the economy of the world market would prosper Does it work? What would be some drawbacks?

Laissez-Faire Economics Adam Smith – The Wealth of Nations Free-Market Economy: Unregulated Exchange of Goods and Services No Government Interference in the Economy

THOMAS MALTHUS Economist who supported Adam Smith’s Ideas. Believed that natural laws governed basic economic life. Wrote Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) POPULATION THEORY Argued that population tended to increase more rapidly than the food supply. Only checks to population growth are war, disease and famine Poor should limit the amount of children they have in order to preserve food supply. These predictions seemed to be coming true in the 1840’s What stopped it from continuing?

DAVID RICARDO A wealthy stockbroker, took Malthus’s theory one step further in his book Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (1817) Believed permanent underclass would always be poor. In Market system with many workers and abundant resources, then labor and resources are cheap. With few workers and scarce resources, then they are expensive.

Thinker Idea(s) Adam Smith Laissez-Faire Capitalism, Free Market Economy, Invisible Hand Thomas Malthus Population Theory Jeremy Bentham Utilitarianism Robert Owen Utopianism Karl Marx Communism

Marxism Based on the philosophy of Karl Marx Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote The Communist Manifesto in 1848 Communism – A form of socialism in which there is an inevitable struggle between social classes. This struggle will lead to revolution which will create a classless society in which the means of production would be owned by the COMMUNity.

Socialism People should collectively own and operate the means of production Believe in the basic goodness of human nature Utopianism – Ideal Society Robert Owen established a model community New Harmony New Lanark

Utilitarianism Goal of society should be “The Greatest Happiness for the Greatest Number.” Government Involvement in Certain Circumstances All intervention should be useful

Results of Industrialization Improved Working Conditions Labor Unions Suffrage Greater Employment Opportunities Surplus Income