The Industrial Revolution

What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution? Rising population: There was a greater demand for food and clothes; more workers were available Coal and Iron ore: Coal was used to power steam engines, iron was used to make machines Profits from trade: Money was invested in factories CAUSES Transport Revolution: Better roads, canals and railways were created so that greater loads could be carried Agricultural Revolution: More food was grown; fewer workers were needed for farming Manufacturing inventions: Inventions in the cotton and woollen industry speeded up the production of both. Steam engines provided more power

Agricultural Revolution The Agricultural Revolution involved changes made to the system and methods of farming which resulted in more food being produced KEYWORDS: Three-Field System Fallow Commons Enclosure Crop Rotation

What was enclosure? Since the Middle Ages, the three-field system was used in Britain. This system has many faults. All this changed during the Agricultural Revolution. The fields were now enclosed so that the three open fields and the common land were divided into farms surrounded by fences and hedges

THREE-FIELD SYSTEM ENCLOSURE ->

Weaknesses of 3 field system Strengths of the Enclosure One third of the land was not used each year Weeds spread easily No machinery was used Cattle and sheep were sparse All the land was used Farmers could control their own land Good farmers could introduce new methods and machinery More food was produced for the cities

New methods of farming 1. Norfolk Crop Rotation: Charles Townshend developed this system Turnips and clover were now grown as well as wheat and barley so that all the land was used every year Turnips were fed to the cattle in winter

2. Selective Breeding: Robert Bakewell introduced new breeding techniques so that cattle and sheep produced more meat 3. New Machinery: Jethro Tull invented the seed drill. This scattered seed evenly and resulting crops were easier to weed 4. Cyrus Mc Cormick invented the reaper, which enabled the faster harvesting of corn Effects of the Agricultural Revolution More food was produced to feed the growing population. More people were available to work in factories. Fewer people were needed to work the land because of machinery improvements so many poor farmers and labourers went to the towns and cities for work

Seed Drill Mechanical Reaper

Industrialisation in Britain Inventions in the Cotton and Woolen Industry Spinning inventions (more thread could be made) Weaving inventions (more cloth could be made James Hargreaves- Spinning Jenny Richard Arkwright- Water frame Samuel Crompton- Spinning mule John Kay-Flying shuttle Edmund Cartwright- Power Loom

Spinning Jenny

Water Frame

Spinning Mule

Flying Shuttle

Power Loom

Transport Revolution Thomas Telford and John McAdam introduced new road surfaces to improve roads Roads: Turnpike trusts were companies which took over sections of the roads, introduced toll gates (turnpikes) and used the money to maintain the roads Canals: James Brindley built the first canal to carry coal. Railways: Richard Trevithick designed the first small steam engine on wheels. The first goods train was designed by George Stephenson. He also invented the Rocket

Effects of the railways: -fast and cheap form of transport -heavy good could be transported over long distances -helped to boost tourism -created many jobs -lead to the decline in the use of canals and roads Effects of the Transport Revolution: Materials and goods could be transported more quickly and cheaply This lowered the cost of good More people could now afford to buy goods

Life and work in Industrial Britain Living conditions: The houses of working class people were grouped together as slums There was no piped water supply or indoor toilets There were open sewers at the end of the streets Diseases such as cholera and typhus spread quickly

Improvements made in working and living conditions Some factory owners such as Robert Owen built houses and set up schools for his workers and their children Edwin Chadwick wrote a report to show how and living conditions were . This led to the passing of the Public Health Act, which set up Boards of Health whose job was to clean streets, increase water supply and build sewers. Lord Shaftesbury campaigned for improvements ad passed laws that dramatically improved working conditions.

Life in Ireland in 1840s Rise in Population: It grew from 6.8 million in 1821 to 8.2 million in 1841. People got poorer Subdivision of land: Farmers divided their land in order to give land to their sons and a dowry to their daughters. This made families poorer CAUSES OF THE FAMINE The Blight: was a disease that attacked potatoes. Those dependent on potatoes and no other food when the blight attacked and they starved Dependence on the potato: Poorer families depended on the potato to live. The potato was almost the only food for about half the population

Results of the Great Famine 1. Fall in population: The population fell by 2 million-1 million emigrated and 1 million died from starvation and disease 2. Subdivision ended: farms were no longer sub- divided instead the eldest son received the land while the other sons emigrated 3. Decline of the Irish language 4. Politics: People blamed the British government for the famine

Blight