INDIA IMAGE SET- South, East and Southeast Asia Buddhism and Hinduism

Rich artistic traditions were exchanged throughout Asia. Ancient belief systems- Indic- spread and developed into Hinduism and Buddhism History of India is about invasions ( from the north). 18 languages in India- Hindus, Moslems, Christians, Jains, Buddhists The arts are interconnected in India and were supported by the wealthy patrons. Most of the imagery is from canonic texts (Mahabharata, The Bhagavad Gita, Rig- Veda, The 8-fold path and the 4 Noble Truths--- the RIGHT WAY) Artists were trained as apprentices and learned everything about the craft or skill. Buddha- Not a god. End the cycle of birth and dead and re-birth from Hinduism through achieving Nirvanha

Artist: n/a Title: The Indian Subcontinent Medium : n/a Size: n/a Date: n/a Source/Museum: n/a

Artist: n/a Title: Buddha and Attendants Medium: Red sandstone Size: height 27¼" (69.2 cm) Date: Kushan period, c. late 1st–early 2nd century CE Source/Museum: Katra Keshavdev, Mathura, Madhya Pradesh, India. / Government Museum, Mathura

Buddhist Imagery: The Lion- royalty The Wheel- Buddhist Law Lotus- Buddha’s purity ( mud slides off the lotus plant) Columns that surround the wheel- the teachings of Buddha Empty Throne- the presence of the Buddha Bodhistatvas, surround the Prince Ushnishna ( top knot), Long ears indicate – no jewelry- Urna ( hair curl) Predella -usually a scene from the life or symbolism Dharma wheels on the bottom of the feet Thin fabric covering, calm face Yakshi And yaksha. Appearance in Buddhist architecture in the Torano

Artist: n/a Title: Myth and Religion: Mudras Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date: n/a Source/Museum: Mudras: Dharmachakra Mudra, Dhyana Mudra, Vitarka Mudra, Abhaya, Mudra, Bhumiparsha Mudra, Varada Mudra

Image 182 Bamiyan Buddha, Afghanistan destroyed in 2001- cut rock with plaster and paint. 2 Buddhas- the tallest in the world- 175 feet and one 115 feet tall. Niche was the mandorla. Smaller one was Sakyamuni, the bigger one was Viarocana ( universal Buddha) Can be circumambulated… and can go up to the shoulders in underground pathways

Image 182 Bamiyan Buddha Khan Academy

2015-Bamiyan Buddlha- November

Image 184 Jowo Rinproche from the Jokhang Temple in Lhasa, Tibet https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3eV5GNizi90 Brought to Tibet in 7th century. Gold and jewels. An exact replica of the Buddha as a 12 year old- Sakyamuni Earliest Tibetan Buddhist temple ( Jowo- Lord and Rinproche- Named after the monk who brought the work back and repaired it..) Blessed by the Buddha himself and made in India during his lifetime. Taken to China by an Indian Princess and hidden from enemies and made it’s way to Llasa for protection. Disappeared during the Cultural Revolution and the housing was destroyed. - rediscovered in 1983- upper and lower parts in Bejing and in a rubbish heap-

Image 192-Artist: n/a Title: Great Stupa, Sanchi- oldest stone structure in India https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gRTbouo3ETs Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date: Founded 3rd century BCE, enlarged c. 150–50 BCE Source/Museum: Madhya Pradesh, India Three umbrellas are the Buddhist Law, the Buddha and The Monastic Orders, painted white, represents the dome of the heaven, Relics and ashes in the inside, four toranos lead to the pathway of circumambulation, Buddha is represented by an empty thrown or a tree, 600 donors names- men and women and monks

Great Stupa at Sanchi ambulatory

Artist: n/a Title: Elements of Architecture: Stupa and Temples Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date: n/a Source/Museum: Stupa, northern-style temple, southern-style temple

Artist: n/a Title: East torana of the Great Stupa at Sanchi, with Yakshi Medium: Stone Size: height 35' (10.66 m) Date: Early Andhra period, mid-1st century BCE Source/Museum: n/a

Buddha, Preaching his first Sermon at Sarnath, India 5th Century sandstone, with predella

Image 198 -Stupa complex at Borobudur, Java Indonesia- THE COSMIC MOUNTAIN 800 CE Contains 504 life- sized Buddhas,1460 relief sculptures, 1500 stupas, and one million carved blocks of stone- meant to be walked in concentric circles, lower stories are the desire and negativity, top floors are the world where there is no desire. Rediscovered by the British in Java in 1813- it was a diagram of the contemplative mandala- the visitor must circumambulate around and ascend to the different levels- to higher states of consciousness. Levels of the 4 noble truths. There are hidden reliefs inside the small stupas. One large stupa on top.

Borobudur- one of 75 open Buddhas in preaching Mudhra, Queen Maya riding chariot to give birth to the Buddha ( Siddhartha Gautama)

Queen Maya riding in the carriage to give birth to Prince Sidhartha

HINDU ART AND ARCHITECTURE Shiva- destroyer Vishnu - preserver Brahma- creator Mithuna couples shown in many works of architecture

Image 202 Artist: n/a Title: Shiva Nataraja with Nimbus Medium: Bronze Size: 32" (81.25 cm) Date: 1000 c. CE Source/Museum: Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu. / National Museum of India, New Delhi Dwarf, the drum, the hand uplifted- do not be afraid mudhra, the fire , the long hair, the 4 arms representing the avatars, the third watchful eye

Image 200- Lakshmana Temple – dedicated to Vishnu- – Hindu Temples are residences of the gods. Not for congregational worship. Small rooms- womb of the world- for priests to worship- called the embryo room Thick wall, cella and a hypostyle hall can be seen from the outside- corbelled roofs, Ashlar masonry, inner ambulatory

Lakshmana Temple detail of Façade Mithuna couples

Lakshmana Temple- warrior fighting lion with bare hands

Plan Lakshmana Temple- east- west axis gets rays from the sun- sunrise and sunset Sandhara is the inner ambulatory, Sculpture and architecture tie in together, figures refer to regeneration

Image 199 Artist: n/a Title: Angkor Wat, Cambodia, in the city of Angkor Thom Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date: 12th century Source/Museum: Angkor, Cambodia A temple mountain with corbelling, dedicated to Vishnu and Vishnu’s incarnations.- scupture in horror vacuii format Many poses, complex mixes of Hindu and Buddha and local gods, built by my different kings, Mount Meru- center of the universe

Image 199- Angkor Wat and the City of Angkor Thom- South Gate

Details of Angor Wat--- Jayavarman VII as Buddha, some images are not identifiable Most powerful of the Khmer monarchs- married his sisters- Patron of Angkor Thom Devoted to Buddhism

Angkor Vat- Churning of the Ocean of Milk Vishnu wrapping the serpent around to church the ocean of milk for immortality and other treasures

Plan of Angkor Vat, Cambodia

Image 208 Bichitr, Jahangir preferring a Sufi to Kings- 1620 Jahangir had artists follow him around ( paparazzi) to record what he did. Here – after he name himself for Light ( the hallow) he show how he Is more interested in the holy man than in the Sultan in front of him or King James I. The artist is in the foreground. He is a Hindu in service to the Moslem Court. This is from a miniature album that was inherited by the Shah Jahan. The Sufi receives a gift, but cannot touch.. .the angels are putti from the Renaissance and the angles are crying ( the sands of time??? In the hour glass?) Gold is the sun and silver is the moon… Bichitr was considered the premier painter of hands and portraits

Artist: n/a Title: Durga Mahishasura-mardini (Durga as Slayer of the Buffalo Demon)- with great calm, she rides her lion and manages to subdue him. Medium: Granite, Rock-cut relief Size: height approx. 9' (2.7 m) Date: Pallava period, c. mid-7th century CE Source/Museum: Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu, India