Young, thin, & on the m o v e : HETG Observations of SNRs Dan Dewey MIT Kavli Institute D. Dewey 11-July-07 X-ray Spectroscopy - 2007

Overview SNR Science SNRs with Gratings Three SNR-HETG examples: E0102, Cas A, SN1987A For the Future D. Dewey 11-July-07 X-ray Spectroscopy - 2007

SNR Science Progenitor and CSM SN Explosion - Core collapse & Type Ia Mechanism, asymmetry, jets, mixing Compact object formation Nucleosynthesis GRB connection ISM enrichment: dust, hot plasma, CRs D. Dewey 11-July-07 X-ray Spectroscopy - 2007

SNRs and AGN For fun… Size - similar: Mass: LX-ray [log10(erg/s)] few parsecs scale Mass: SNR: 10's Msolar torus: ~ 105 Msolar LX-ray [log10(erg/s)] SNR ~ 37.5, AGN ~ 42.1 Use NGC 3783 as AGN example, at ~ 40 Mpc. From HotGas Lx [0.5-2,2-10] = 1.6 and 6.7 x 10^-11 erg/cm^2/s ---> 1.3 x 10^42 erg/s using pc = 3.1x10^18 cm Chandra SNR page gives E0102 total (0.3-10) ~ 2.5 x 10^37 erg/s; Cas A total Lx (0.3-10) ~ 2.8 x 10^37 erg/s D. Dewey 11-July-07 X-ray Spectroscopy - 2007

SNR cartoon Sedov self- similar solution Reality adds: v ~ const * r SNR cartoon Reverse Shock Sedov self- similar solution Reality adds: R-T/mixing at CD Non-uniform CSM Asymmetric ejecta Particle acceleration Contact Discontinuity Unshocked ejecta (aka "debris") shocked ejecta CSM, amb shocked CSM Forward Shock D. Dewey 11-July-07 X-ray Spectroscopy - 2007

SNR Plasma Collision-less shocks: FS, RS, reflected V forward shock: 3k - 40k km/s Vejecta@RS ~ rRS/age SN1987A=7800; CasA=4800; E0102=2800 [km/s] NEI evolution, cooling Electron & ion heating at shocks SN1987A: 7800 km/s d=50 kpc, t=20 years, angle from center = 0.66" (use 0.8*6.2x10^17 cm = 0.8*r_ER) Cas A: 4800 km/s d=3.4 kpc, t=337 years, angle from center = 100" E0102: 2800 km/s d=60 kpc, t=1000 years, angle from center = 10" N132D: 2400 km/s d=50 kpc, t=3000 years, angle from center = 30" isis> 1.e-5 * (60e3) *3.1e18 * (DTOR*10.0/3600.0) / (1000.0*365.25*24.*3600.); D. Dewey 11-July-07 X-ray Spectroscopy - 2007

SNR Plasma, cont. Shock-cloud interactions Non-uniform CSM Thermal conduction effects Particle acceleration & Cosmic rays Efficiency and effect on hydrodynamics D. Dewey 11-July-07 X-ray Spectroscopy - 2007

SNR Plasma Emission Emission across wide -range Thermal Non-thermal shocked ejecta; shocked CSM; dust Non-thermal Synchrotron, Te max, magnetic fields non-thermal brems., inverse Compton Photoionized (unshocked, precursor) D. Dewey 11-July-07 X-ray Spectroscopy - 2007

SNRs with Gratings High(er) spectral resolution than CCDs Line separation From nearby lines: He-like triplets From continuum: low-E lines: O VIII, Fe-L, Ne Doppler velocities can be measured Extended and/or multiple source More complex analysis Focus on line emission D. Dewey 11-July-07 X-ray Spectroscopy - 2007

SNRs observed w/HETG ne * |vbulk | * SNR Age (yr) [Date] SN 1987A cc 20 [1987] ~ 800 150--500 E0102 ~ 1000 ~ 1 ~ 2000 N132D ~ 2500 -- 3400 Cas A ~ 337 [~1670] ~ 100 ~ 4000 N103B Ia ~ 860 0509-67.5 ~ 400 [~1600] ( Crab ) 953 [1054] * Values are for the bright X-ray emitting plasma. D. Dewey 11-July-07 X-ray Spectroscopy - 2007

SNRs w/HETG: images SN1987A E0102 N132D Cas A N103B 0509-67.5 Crab D. Dewey 11-July-07 X-ray Spectroscopy - 2007

Dispersed SNRs Ne X Fe XVII O VIII O VII-res 1 Å 26 Å '87A E0102 N132D-NE N132D-SW Cas A Si XIII N103B 0509 Crab Not as useful for continuum D. Dewey 11-July-07 X-ray Spectroscopy - 2007

E0102 w/HETG MEG -1 MEG +1 Data Model Distortions between the + and - orders of the Ne lines are qualitatively reproduced with a cylinderical geometry for the ring emission. Dewey 2002; Flanagan et al. 2004. Model geometry D. Dewey 11-July-07 X-ray Spectroscopy - 2007

Cas A w/HETG Doppler velocities 3D spatial info Lazendic et al. 2006 Combine with optical, IR, and radio data. DeLaney 2007 D. Dewey 11-July-07 X-ray Spectroscopy - 2007

Cas A w/HETG, cont. Line ratios NEI parameters  params / t :  kT Change in plasma parameters over many years baseline can constrain models.  t D. Dewey 11-July-07 X-ray Spectroscopy - 2007

SN 1987A w/HETG The blast wave is hitting a dense equatorial ring, tilted 45 degrees to our line of sight D. Dewey 11-July-07 X-ray Spectroscopy - 2007

D. Dewey 11-July-07 X-ray Spectroscopy - 2007

SN 1987A w/HETG, cont. A 3D model is used to fit the HETG line shapes; a key free parameter is Vring . D. Dewey 11-July-07 X-ray Spectroscopy - 2007

SN 1987A w/HETG, cont. Vring varies with . Seen in LETG/ACIS data (McCray PI.) Zhekov et al. 2005 Range of shock (and hence bulk) velocities. Higher ionization with faster velocities. D. Dewey 11-July-07 X-ray Spectroscopy - 2007

For the future Can get information from HETG-SNR observations, so … Further HETG observations… O-rich SNR Future X-ray instruments for SNR Long slit spectrometer D. Dewey 11-July-07 X-ray Spectroscopy - 2007

Oxygen-rich SNRs In SMC/LMC: SN 1987A (LMC) ?O-rich? N132D (LMC) SNR 0540-69.3 (LMC) E0102.2-7219 (SMC) SNR 0103-72.6 (SMC) IKT6, SNR 0049-73.6 (SMC) Galactic & extra-Galactic: Cas A Pup A G292+1.8 SNR in NGC 4449 SN 1957D in M83 Underline = Grating observed Bold = Deep ACIS data taken D. Dewey 11-July-07 X-ray Spectroscopy - 2007

Multi- & High Resolution Long-slit instruments from IR to … X-ray ? Radio VLA IR Spitzer-IRS NIR, Opt. Ground-based UV, EUV HST-STIS, FUSE X-ray HETG,LETG,RGS -ray - TeV GLAST, H.E.S.S. Primary Slit aperture Willingale 2005 SPIE Vol. 5900 2D detector D. Dewey 11-July-07 X-ray Spectroscopy - 2007

Thanks to Claude Canizares and MKI collegues Hydra project: http://space.mit.edu/hydra Dick McCray and '87A collaborators See the program of the Aspen '87A workshop: http://astrophysics.gsfc.nasa.gov/conferences/supernova1987a/ Kelly Korreck and many SNR enthusiasts See the Endpoints and Interactions workshop: http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~kkorreck/snrconf.htm D. Dewey 11-July-07 X-ray Spectroscopy - 2007