© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. Chapter 5 C Functions C How to Program, 8/e, GE © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved.

5.1 Modularizing Programs in C Functions are used to modularize programs C programs are typically written by combining new functions you write with prepackaged functions available in the C standard library. The C standard library provides a rich collection of functions for performing common mathematical calculations, string manipulations, character manipulations, input/output, and many other useful operations. © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved.

5.2 Modularizing Programs in C (Cont.) The functions printf, scanf and pow that we’ve used in previous chapters are standard library functions. You can write your own functions to define tasks that may be used at many points in a program. These are sometimes referred to as programmer-defined functions. Functions are invoked by a function call, which specifies the function name and provides information (as arguments) that the called function needs. © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved.

5.3 Math Library Functions Function arguments may be constants, variables, or expressions. If c1 = 13.0, d = 3.0 and f = 4.0, then the statement printf("%.2f", sqrt(c1 + d * f)); calculates and prints the square root of 13.0 + 3.0 * 4.0 = 25.0, namely 5.00. In the figure, the variables x and y are of type double. © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 5.4  Functions Functions allow you to modularize a program. All variables defined in function definitions are local variables—they can be accessed only in the function in which they’re defined. Most functions have a list of parameters that provide the means for communicating information between functions. A function’s parameters are also local variables of that function. © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 5.5  Function Definitions Each program we’ve presented has consisted of a function called main that called standard library functions to accomplish its tasks. We now consider how to write custom functions. Consider a program that uses a function square to calculate and print the squares of the integers from 1 to 10 (Fig. 5.3). © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved.

5.5 Function Definitions (Cont.) Function square is invoked or called in main within the printf statement printf("%d ", square(x)); // function call Function square receives a copy of the value of x in the parameter y. Then square calculates y * y. The result is passed back returned to function printf in main where square was invoked, and printf displays the result. This process is repeated 10 times using the for statement. © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved.

5.5 Function Definitions (Cont.) The parameter-list is a comma-separated list that specifies the parameters received by the function when it’s called. If a function does not receive any values, parameter-list is void. A type must be listed explicitly for each parameter. © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved.

5.5 Function Definitions (Cont.) main’s Return Type Notice that main has an int return type. The return value of main is used to indicate whether the program executed correctly. In earlier versions of C, we’d explicitly place return 0; at the end of main—0 indicates that a program ran successfully. The C standard indicates that main implicitly returns 0 if you to omit the preceding statement—as we’ve done throughout this book. © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved.

5.5 Function Definitions (Cont.) Function maximum Our second example uses a programmer-defined function maximum to determine and return the largest of three integers (Fig. 5.4). Next, they’re passed to maximum, which determines the largest integer. This value is returned to main by the return statement in maximum. © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved.

5.6 Function Prototypes: A Deeper Look An important feature of C is the function prototype. This feature was borrowed from C++. The compiler uses function prototypes to validate function calls. © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved.

5.6 Function Prototypes: A Deeper Look (Cont.) The function prototype for maximum in Fig. 5.4 is // function prototype int maximum(int x, int y, int z); It states that maximum takes three arguments of type int and returns a result of type int. Notice that the function prototype is the same as the first line of maximum’s function definition. © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved.

5.10 Random Number Generation We now take a brief and, hopefully, entertaining diversion into simulation and game playing. The element of chance can be introduced into computer applications by using the C standard library function rand from the <stdlib.h> header. Consider the following statement: i = rand(); The rand function generates an integer between 0 and RAND_MAX (a symbolic constant defined in the <stdlib.h> header). Microsoft Visual C++ RAND_MAX value is 32767 and on GNU gcc RAND_MAX value is 2147483647. © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved.

5.10 Random Number Generation (Cont.) For example, a program that simulates coin tossing might require only 0 for “heads” and 1 for “tails.” A dice-rolling program that simulates a six-sided die would require random integers from 1 to 6. Rolling a Six-Sided Die To demonstrate rand, let’s develop a program to simulate 20 rolls of a six-sided die and print the value of each roll. The function prototype for function rand is in <stdlib.h>. We use the remainder operator (%) in conjunction with rand as follows rand() % 6 to produce integers in the range 0 to 5. © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved.

5.10 Random Number Generation (Cont.) This is called scaling. The number 6 is called the scaling factor. The output of Fig. 5.7 confirms that the results are in the range 1 to 6—the actual random values chosen might vary by compiler. © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved.

5.10 Random Number Generation (Cont.) Rolling a Six-Sided Die 60,000,000 Times To show that these numbers occur approximately with equal likelihood, let’s simulate 60,000,000 rolls of a die with the program of Fig. 5.12. Each integer from 1 to 6 should appear approximately 10,000,000 times. As the program output shows, by scaling and shifting we’ve used the rand function to realistically simulate the rolling of a six-sided die. © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved.

5.10 Random Number Generation (Cont.) Note the use of the %s conversion specifier to print the character strings "Face" and "Frequency" as column headers. After we study arrays in Chapter 6, we’ll show how to replace this switch statement elegantly with a single-line statement. © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved.