Sexual reproduction Requires two parents, a male and female.

Sexual reproduction The sex organs make sex cells Gametes

Sexual reproduction In male animals the sex cells are called sperm, made in sex organs called testes (testis is singular)

Sexual reproduction In female animals the sex cells are called eggs, made in sex organs called ovaries.

I will die after about 2 days if not fertilized. Sexual reproduction During sexual reproduction the sperm and egg join together (fertilization) I will die after about 2 days if not fertilized.

The Diversity of Life + Genetics

Sperm (n) + egg (n) = zygote (2n) Fertilization The joining together of two gametes Meiosis produces HAPLOID daughter cells Half the genetic material of the parent cell 1st diploid cell of the offspring = zygote Sperm (n) + egg (n) = zygote (2n)

Sperm (n) + egg (n) = zygote (2n) Fertilization Sperm (n) + egg (n) = zygote (2n) 23 + 23 = 46 Human gametes have 23 chromosomes

Diversity As we saw with our Human Traits Survey (a long time ago) there is tremendous diversity in humans Mendelian Genetics helps explain

Mendelian genetics Gregor Mendel (1822 – 1884) was a monk who was very interested in plant breeding.

Peas Mendel took one pea plant that always produced wrinkled peas and used this plant to pollinate another pea plant that always produced smooth peas

Peas He found that the plants produced (called the F1 generation) all had smooth peas. He called this (smooth) the dominant characteristic F1 Generation

Peas When two plants of the first generation (F1) were cross-pollinated, 75% of the offspring (F2 plants) had smooth peas and 25% had wrinkled peas. He said the wrinkled peas had the recessive characteristic. F1 Generation F2 Generation

Genes We can now explain Mendel’s results using what we know about genes. A gene can be defined as a region of DNA that controls a hereditary characteristic.

Review Chromosomes are X-shaped objects found in the nucleus of most cells. They consist of long strands of a substance called deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA for short. A section of DNA that has the genetic code for making a particular protein is called a gene.

Genes Our DNA contain two genes (one from our mother and one from our father) for each characteristic (eye color, hair color etc.)

Alleles Different genes for the same characteristic (e.g. eye color) are called alleles. Pron: “Al – eels”

Eye Colors Your eye color depends on which genes you have. Lets look at the genes for brown and blue eyes. The brown eye gene (B) is dominant and the blue eye gene (b)is recessive

Which color eyes? (heterozygous) If you have the alleles for eye color of Bb, you will have brown eyes (because the brown gene is dominant).

Which color eyes? If you have BB, you will also have brown eyes. (homozygous) If you have BB, you will also have brown eyes.

Which color eyes? (homozygous) Only if you have bb will your eyes will be blue (both genes are recessive)

Which color eyes? Your combination of genes (BB, Bb or bb) is called your genotype. The color of eyes you actually have is called your phenotype

An example Let’s imagine your mother has Bb genotype and your father also has Bb. Bb Bb

An example Half your mother’s eggs will have B genes and half b (eggs are gametes and only contain one of each pair of genes) eggs B b

An example Half your father’s sperm will have the B gene and half the b gene too. B b Sperm!

Gene diagram (Punnett square) We can look at the possible combinations on a gene diagram Sperm with B Sperm with b Egg with B Egg with b

Gene diagram (Punnett square) Here are all the possible combinations for a fertilized egg Sperm with B Sperm with b Egg with B BB Bb Egg with b bb

Gene diagram This means that there is a 75% chance the baby will have brown eyes (BB or Bb) and only a 25% chance the baby will have blue eyes (bb) Sperm with B Sperm with b Egg with B BB Bb Egg with b bb BROWN BROWN BROWN BLUE phenotype genotype

Pure breeding If one parent has both dominant genes(BB), any baby will have to have brown eyes. We say the parent is pure breeding. Sperm with B Egg with B BB Egg with b Bb BROWN BROWN BROWN BROWN phenotype

Compare and Contrast Feature Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction # of parents # of offspring Variety of Offspring Speed of Reproduction Timing

Compare and Contrast Feature Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction # of parents One Two # of offspring Variety of Offspring Speed of Reproduction Timing

Compare and Contrast Feature Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction # of parents One Two # of offspring Usually Many Few to Many Variety of Offspring Speed of Reproduction Timing

Compare and Contrast Feature Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction # of parents One Two # of offspring Usually Many Few to Many Variety of Offspring Genetically Identical Genetically Different Speed of Reproduction Timing

Compare and Contrast Feature Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction # of parents One Two # of offspring Usually Many Few to Many Variety of Offspring Genetically Identical Genetically Different Speed of Reproduction Usually Fast Usually Slow Timing

Compare and Contrast Feature Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction # of parents One Two # of offspring Usually Many Few to Many Variety of Offspring Genetically Identical Genetically Different Speed of Reproduction Usually Fast Usually Slow Timing Anytime (once mature) Once mature, only when a mate is available

HW CYU Page 82 #1-6, 8-13