Cassava Breeding Community of Practice in Africa for Accelerated Production and Dissemination of Farmer-Preferred Cassava Varieties Resistant to Pests and Diseases ARI

Cassava Cassava is a strategic food security crop Important staple for millions in Africa Grown mainly by the poor resource famers Nigeria, Ghana, Tanzania and Uganda are key producers in Africa

Bottlenecks of Cassava Breeding Low seed set Long breeding cycle High genetic load Heterozygosity Confounding effects of dominance on selection of progenitors Limited financial resources

Rationale There is an urgent need for improved varieties to stop the rapid spread of pest and diseases, especially the cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) and the cassava mosaic disease (CMD). National Agricultural Research Systems (NARs) are best suited to breed cassava for local needs NARs in the past limited their activities mainly to testing and selection of improved germplasm, but more recently NARs breeders have began formal cassava breeding.

Capacity components required for plant breeding programs Component make-up or sub-component Tangible capital Physical facilities Funding for capitol and ongoing operations Plant genetic resources Supporting technology, Scientific information and know-how Human capital Breeders, assistant breeders, technical assistants, etc. -their education, training, knowledge, skills, motivation Scientists from supporting disciplines Program budget, administration and personnel managers Organizational capital Government and stakeholder mandate Coordination of plant breeding and seed sector activities Enabling policy, laws and regulations Policy making procedures Funding arrangements and management procedures Links to internal and external organizations Public and private seed delivery systems Social capital Political, governmental and economic support Extended education and outreach Bi-directional communication between provider and customers Fred Bliss 2010

The CoP Ghana Nigeria Tanzania Uganda CIAT IITA More countries to be included in 2011

A group of people who share a concern or passion for something they do and how to do it better as they interact regularly. They have a commitment to a common interest and engage in joint activities They therefore interact and learn together and in the process build a strong relationship. It is a specialized compact network. It is intended as interactive forums for collaboration among scientists from different countries.

Cassava Mosiac disease Cassava Brown Streak Disease Leaves: chlorosis – bottom leaves Roots: dry necrotic rot – most damaging Stems: brown streaks

Objectives Stimulate breeder-to-breeder training germplasm resource exchange, and web-based information to achieve breeding goals Facilitate the integration of MAS with field-based breeding Strengthen the capacity of National program breeders through training programs Build linkages with primary, secondary, and tertiary users

Priority Initiatives Access to improved germplasm and development MAS for CMD resistance Improvement for combined resistance to CMD and CBSD Gene discovery for CBSD and CMD

Screening for CMD2 in African elite lines Markers TMS97/2205 TMS30555 NR8212 NR8083 TMS98/0505 RME-1 - + RME-4 NS158 NS169 1 TMS97/2205 2 NR8212 3 NR8083 4 TMS98/0505 5 TMS30555

Marker-aided germplasm transfer from CIAT to Africa Over 300 CIAT MAS developed genotypes introduced to Africa Back cross populations of PPD delivered to African NARs (with MAS for CMD) Backcross populations of beta carotene and protein to NARs (with MAS for CMD) F1 populations of drought tolerant materials (as in vitro and seeds)

Germplasm Introduction Shipment Genotypes Families Total individuals Field) Drought mapping populations 332 4 1628 70 Drought 84 12 420 116 Protein 34 5 350 239 Delayed PPD 483 17 2334

Novel traits introgressed from wild relatives Based on ABC involving MAS for CMD resistance

BSA scheme for gene discovery for CMD Family Markers Mean (CMD scores) T-test (P level) Band presence Band absence COB6 NS198 1.591 2.611 0.015**

TMS 97/2205 with good CMD resistance across agro-ecologies TMS97/2205 x NR 8083

Response profile of CMD2 genotypes

MAS Scheme to Improve Cassava Germplasm Farmer participatory trial Local varieties (selected by farmers) Improved introductions Crossing block Polycross design (MAS) Seedling trial Field trials Combining ability studies Farmer participatory trial

CBSD x CMD crosses (Tanzania)

Pre-selected CBSD and CMD resistant lines in Tanzania

QTL mapping A total of 10 putative QTL were identified for protein. QTL found accounted for PVD ranges between 15% and 25% for protein content. All the QTL showed additive gene action with values ranging between 3.21 and 6.20 (Fig. 15).

Diversity Esuma, 2011

Analysis based on 48 SNPs Melissa - FABI

Development of populations Crosses F1 populations of elite genotypes Introgression of introduced germplasm into local adapted varieties and landraces Selfed populations – inbreeding (partial inbred lines).

Homozogygosity at CMD Loci MAS-based activities for CMD resistance breeding Homozogygosity at CMD Loci Pyramiding of CMD2 and CMD3 genes Parents CR52A-25 x 98/0002 CR37-108 x 97/2205 CR12-45 x 97/2205 AR15-5 x 97 x 2205 97/2205 x 52A-25 Parents (crosses) CR52A-25 x TMS 98/0002 CR37-108 x TMS 97/2205 CR12-45 x TMS 97/2205 AR15-5 x TMS 97 2205 97/2205 x CR52A-25 Code Female Male GC015 98/0505 CR52A-25 GC0122 AR 9-36 CR 51-4 GC0142 CR 41-45 AR 9-39 GC0149 AR 9-63 GC0151 CR 51 -9 AR 9-3 GC0152 CR 54-9 GC0166 CW 451 TMS 98/0505

Breeder to breeder visit Elizabeth Parkes in Nigeria; taking notes on field layout/design for crossing blocks Tanzanian Breeder, Bernadetha Kimata discussing CBSD symptom expression in the field at NaCRRI, Namulonge, Uganda. Ugandan Breeder, Anthony Pariyo in Office at A.R.I, Naliendeli, Mtwara discussing the breeding schemes with the Tanzanian team

Product delivery Markers for CMD2 available in NARS Ghana Markers for CMD2 available in NARS Advanced populations development Capacity building in MAB (workshop/training) Sharing of GCP project developed elite materials with stake holders (e.g. Songhai center, Benin Republic) Channels Farmer participatory breeding Linked projects Multi-locational testing with partner institutes Networks Tanzania

Variety release:MAS develop Latin American genotype

Web based data base for CoP http://www.cassavacop.org/cbcopa/ Molecular breeding community of practice to validate, refine, and apply new technologies in African NARs

Workshops and Training Third workshop in Ghana 2010 Participants at the third CoP workshop 2010 in Ghana. Linking with New Genotyping Platforms and Marker system : Demonstration of the Illumina BeadXpress at the SNP workshop

MAS Labs in NARS Ghana - Uganda Nigeria

New generation of cassava breeders Country - Uganda Nigeria Ghana Ghana Ghana Tanzania Name - Mr. Esuma Dr. Olasanmi Mr. Peprah Ms. Prempeh Mr. Danquah Ms. Kimata Degree - M.Sc. Ph.D. M. Phil Ph.D. Ph.D. M.Sc. Status On-going Completed On-going On-going On-going Ongoing

Cassava CI Project 5: Cassava Breeding Community of Practice (CoP)

Partial Inbred line development Genotyping of S1 populations- 2011 Five populations Selection for reduced heterozygousity Development of new selfed populations - 2011 S2 populations S3 populations (two populations)

Gene pool development

Inbred line development (six families)

selection index for 2009 – 2011 for Latin America germplasm Local check Potentials

Conclusion Research capability of NARs strengthened research capability in modern breeding incorporating markers in cassava improvement CMD resistant variety released in Nigeria Genotypes combining CBSD and CMD resistance developed in Tanzania Web-database created Genetic stock fixed for CMD2 and CGM alleles developed Genetic diversity of breeding lines analyzed Genetic mapping for early bulking and high protein conducted Breeding populations for key traits developed Introgression of novel traits into CMD resistance genetic background achieved. Training of new generation of breeders accomplished Introduction of valuable germplasm into Africa

Acknowledgement Y. Baguma A. Pariyo B. Kimata C. Sichalwe C. Egesi E. Parkes B. Peprah G. Mkamilo J. Onyeka M. Fregene S. Rounsley E. Lotsu M.D. Quain P. Rabinowicz Z. Myburg P. Kulakow H. Murtah X. Delannay Ndeye Ndack Diop K. Ogundapo F. Ewa B. Olasanmi E. Okogbenin H. Gomez C. de Vicente M. Gedil A. Dixon H. Kulembeka A. Mbanaso R. Thompson P. Boateng O. Akinbo M. Reynolds A. Okono N.C. Ezebuiro Larry Butler

Thank You for Your Attention