GENDER AND SPATIAL USAGE IN INDIGENOUS AMAZONIAN SETTLEMENTS ANALYSIS AND HEALTH IMPLICATIONS Patricia Leandro Reguillo Sensibilicity Architect and Urban Planner, MPH candidate

INDIGENOUS AMAZONIAN SETTLEMENTS IN BRAZIL 60% of a Amazon rainforest is in Brazil 60% of indigenous population lives in indigenous territories Centuries of environmental adaptation

HOUSEHOLDS AND SETTLEMENTS CHARACTERISTICS Settlements disposition Concentric rings Paralell bands Dispersed Households Collective households Family households Instituto Socioambiental, Brazil. 2016.

GENDER DIFFERENTIATION DIVISION OF LABOR Men Responsible for assemblies, hunting, fishing, war, construction, logging and land clearing Women Responsible for fire maintenance, cooking, child care, gardening, harvesting and crafts Milton Guran 1978. Heckenberger n.d.

GENDER AND SPATIAL USAGE IN INDIGENOUS AMAZONIAN SETTLEMENTS Spatial and gender analysis among main typologies Indoor air pollution as risk factor for women’s health Proposal for minimizing exposure

GENDER AND SPATIAL USAGE IN INDIGENOUS AMAZONIAN SETTLEMENTS Spatial and gender analysis among main typologies Indoor air pollution as risk factor for women’s health Proposal for minimizing exposure

Single Collective Household 1a. CONCENTRIC RINGS Single Collective Household Vegetable Gardens 1st Ring Household Main Square River 2nd Ring 3rd Ring Female Activity Male Activity Instituto Socioambiental, Brazil. 2016.

Single Collective Household 1 Family Compartments Single Collective Household Use And Distribution/Waimiri Atroari Village Vegetable Garden 3 2 Women’s Meeting Area Rear Entry 2 4 3 Cooking Fire Area for Ceremonies 1 4 Girl Confinement Main Entry Female Activity Main Square Male Activity www.habitarhabitat.com.br

1b. CONCENTRIC RINGS Multiple Households 1st Ring 2nd Ring 3rd Ring Vegetable Gardens Main Square House of Men 1st Ring 2nd Ring River 3rd Ring Female Activity Male Activity Instituto Socioambiental, Brazil. 2016.

Use And Distribution/Xingu village Collective Household Use And Distribution/Xingu village Vegetable Garden Women’s Meeting Area Rear Entry Cooking Fire Girl Confinement Milton Guran 1978. Family Compartments Boy Confinement Main Entry Main Square Female Activity Male Activity Heckenberger n.d.

Girl Confinement within house Family Household Use And Distribution/Xavante village Girl Confinement within house Cooking Fire Women’s Meeting Area

Family Households /Karajá village 2. PARALLEL BANDS Family Households /Karajá village House of Men 4th Band Vegetable Garden 3rd Band 2nd Band Women’s Meeting Area 1st Band Instituto Socioambiental, Brazil. 2016. Women’s Meeting Area River Female Activity Male Activity Patricia Leandro 2014.

Use And Distribution/Karajá village Family Households Use And Distribution/Karajá village Women’s Meeting Area 3 Cooking Fire 1 Main Street www.povosindigenas.org.br

3. DISPERSED Family Households 2nd Ring 1st Ring River Female Activity Vegetable Garden River Female Activity Male Activity Instituto Socioambiental, Brazil. 2016.

Use And Distribution/Stilted houses: Paumari village 1 Cooking Fire Family Household Use And Distribution/Stilted houses: Paumari village 2 2 Girl Confinement 1 Instituto Socioambiental, Brazil. 2016.

GENDER AND SPATIAL USAGE IN INDIGENOUS AMAZONIAN SETTLEMENTS Spatial and gender analysis among main typologies Indoor air pollution as risk factor for women’s health Proposal for minimizing exposure

WOMAN AND FIRE Instituto Socioambiental, Brazil. 2016.

HOUSEHOLD AIR POLLUTION COOKING AND HEATING USING SOLID FUELS 3 billion people affected worldwide Main cause premature deaths in children <5: pneumonia (50%) Adults: 3.8 million premature deaths/year. (stroke, ischaemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer) Women and children are highly exposed Recommended interventions: alternative fuels, improved stoves, architectural modifications, behaviour change. Household Air Pollution And Health. WHO Fact sheet N°292, Updated February 2016

INDIGENOUS POPULATION’S HEALTH IN BRAZIL Elevated morbidity and mortality rates (x 4) Respiratory diseases: - 2nd cause of death (16.8%) - Evidence of non-treated cases Women 20% high blood pressure Children <5 - Children mortality rate 41.9% - 47% hospitalizations due to pneumonia Pneumonia second health concern after diarrhea Evidence of non-treated cases FUNASA (2010). National Survey Of Health And Nutrition Of Indigenous Peoples In Brazil. Garnelo, L. & Pontes, A.L. (2012) Indigenous Health: An Introduction To The Topic FUNASA (2002). National Policy for Health Care of Indigenous Peoples.

GENDER AND SPATIAL USAGE IN INDIGENOUS AMAZONIAN SETTLEMENTS Spatial and gender analysis among main typologies Indoor air pollution as risk factor for women’s health Proposal for minimizing exposure

THE HOUSE OF COOKING FIRE A PROTOTYPE Enhances natural ventilation Minimizes smoke inhalation Natural materials Ventilated children area Cooking area Children area

SUMMARY The strong gender differentiation and division of labor existing among Amerindians is reflected in the spatial use of their households, settlements and peri-urban areas. Women and children are highly expossed to indoor air pollution. Architectural modification is the most suitable solution for minimizing expossure among these population.

Architecture and Urbanism: a Public Health Tool

AKNOWLEDGEMENTS University Of South Florida. College Of Public Health. Environmental Health Department. Dr. A. Stuart USF Conference Presentation Grant Fundação De Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado