The effect of cigarette smoke, nicotine, and carbon monoxide on the permeability of the arterial wall  D.R. Allen, F.R.C.S., N.L. Browse, M.D., F.R.C.S., D.L. Rutt, L. Butler, C. Fletcher, F.R.C.Path.  Journal of Vascular Surgery  Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages 139-152 (January 1988) DOI: 10.1016/0741-5214(88)90387-4 Copyright © 1988 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 The arterial capsule (see text). When the two halves of the polythene capsule (C) are glued together around the artery (A), they form an enclosed space that can be filled with Ringer's solution (R). Silicone rubber tubes (S1 and S2) allow the capsule to be emptied and refilled at regular intervals. The quantity of radioactive fibrinogen that passes from the blood stream through the arterial wall into the capsule fluid can be measured and the permeability coefficient of the artery calculated. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1988 7, 139-152DOI: (10.1016/0741-5214(88)90387-4) Copyright © 1988 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 The attachment to the Ambu valve (AV) that allows the inhalation of cigarette smoke from the lighted cigarette (C) and room air. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1988 7, 139-152DOI: (10.1016/0741-5214(88)90387-4) Copyright © 1988 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 The circuit diagram of the apparatus used for mixing variable quantities of carbon monoxide and room air. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1988 7, 139-152DOI: (10.1016/0741-5214(88)90387-4) Copyright © 1988 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 The permeability coefficient (PC units, cm−2 × 10−4) of the control (CON), smoking (SMOKE), carbon monoxide (CO), and nicotine infusion (NICO) experiments. Means and standard deviations are presented. * = statistical significance between smoking and controls after 180 minutes (p < 0.01). ** = statistical significance between carbon monoxide inhalation and control after 180 minutes (p < 0.001). Journal of Vascular Surgery 1988 7, 139-152DOI: (10.1016/0741-5214(88)90387-4) Copyright © 1988 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Mean blood pressures of control, smoking, carbon monoxide inhalation, and nicotine infusion groups throughout the 180-minute permeability studies. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1988 7, 139-152DOI: (10.1016/0741-5214(88)90387-4) Copyright © 1988 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Mean (±SD) blood pressure and pulse rates during nicotine infusion. After an initial increase, both remained constant. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1988 7, 139-152DOI: (10.1016/0741-5214(88)90387-4) Copyright © 1988 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

Fig. 7 Light transmission photomicrograph of the artery wall at the end of a 5-hour period of inhaling cigarette smoke. Endothelium and all other layers appear to be undamaged and there is no inflammatory response. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1988 7, 139-152DOI: (10.1016/0741-5214(88)90387-4) Copyright © 1988 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

Fig. 8 Electron photomicrograph of the intimal cells at the end of a 5-hour period of inhaling cigarette smoke. The cell wall, its structures, and the interendothelial cell junctions are entirely normal. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1988 7, 139-152DOI: (10.1016/0741-5214(88)90387-4) Copyright © 1988 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions