Spacial Association & Distribution Space = a bounded or unbounded area Absolute space = precisely measured Example = a formal region (ie. NY State) Relative space = created & defined by human interactions, perceptions or relations between events A network of linked nodes (hub & spoke network) Example = social networking on line – the nexus application on facebook can create a map of your connections

Globalization of the Economy Globalization – force or process that involves the entire word and results in making something worldwide in scope The scale of the world is shrinking (Friedman’s book the world is flat) Has been led mostly by transnational corporations Technology has sped up the process Has led to more specialization because of the ability to get stuff from other areas Globalization – force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope - Is this absolute or relative space? Fig. 1-17: The Denso corporation is headquartered in Japan, but it has regional headquarters and other facilities in North America and Western Europe.

Distribution: Density, Concentration, & Pattern The arrangement of people and activities found in space Action at one point can cause action at another Distribution – arrangement of a feature in space - 3 main properties: density, concentration and pattern Spatial thinking – arrangement of people and activities found in space understand why it is there Immanuel Kant – space is to geography what time is to history Action at one point can cause an action at another Distribution – arrangement of a feature in space 3 main properties: density, concentration and pattern Fig. 1-18: The density, concentration, and pattern (of houses in this example) may vary in an area or landscape.

Density and Concentration of Baseball Teams, 1952 & 2007 Density –frequency wich something occurs in space – people, houses… Arithmetic density – total # of objects in an area Physiological density – number of persons per unit of area for agriculture Agriculturaldensity – number of farmers per unit of farmland Concentration – extent of a feature’s spread over space; clustered or dispersed – us pop has changed from concentrated in ne to more dispersed throughout the country Concentration and density are not the same – same neighborhood but the land has been used differently Density – frequency which something occurs in space Arithmetic density – total# of objects in an area Physiological density - # of persons /area on arable land Agricultural Density – number of farmers/unit of farmland Concentration – extent of a feature’s spread over space; clustered or dispersed US clustered to dispersed

U.S. Baseball Teams, 1952 Fig. 1-19: Baseball teams were highly concentrated in the Northeast and Midwest in 1952.

U.S. Baseball Teams, 2007 Pattern: Geometric arrangement of objects in space What do these teams have in common? What is the pattern? – major metropolitan area Pattern: Geometric arrangement of objects in space What do these teams have in common? What is the pattern?

Spatial Association at Various Scales SpacialAssociation = changes in distribution from one place or area to another Spacial variation = the degree to which 2 or more phenomena share similar distribution Spatial Association Similar distributions = spatial association Need to conect cultural, economic and environmental factors Fig. 1-13: Death rates from cancer in the US, Maryland, and Baltimore show different patterns that can identify associations with different factors.

Cancer Death Rates in the U.S.

Cancer Death Rates in Maryland

Correlating Cancer and Obesity

Spatial Diffusion The movement or spread of phenomena over space and over time - ideas, diseases, innovations, products, technology Hearth – starting point 2 types – relocation and expansion www.heritage.org www.aldf.com Diffusion – process by which characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time Hearth – place from which an innovation originates also known as a node Two basic types of diffusion – relocation and expansion Relocation diffusion – physical movement of people from one place to another Euro permitted interesting study of hearths bc 13 countries minted own coins

Space-Time Compression, 1492-1962 Space-time compression – reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place Space-time compression – the reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place Promote s rapid change Diffusion is explained by the connections between regions Fig. 1-20: The times required to cross the Atlantic, or orbit the earth, illustrate how transport improvements have shrunk the world.

Airline Route Networks Networks connect places to each other Distance decay – contact diminishes with increasing distance and eventually disappears – this trailing off phenomena Fig. 1-21: Continental Airlines, like many others, has configured its route network in a “hub and spoke” system.

Relocation Diffusion Phenomena diffused leaves one area and moves to another permanently: result of Immigration – language, religion, culture Expansion Diffusion often follows Usually follows S curve www.skyaid.org

Expansion Diffusion 3 Subtypes: Hierarchical, Contagious, Stimulus Contagious Effect: closest to the origin are affected first Hierarchical Effect: major cities then intermediate places, small towns, rural; Urban Hierarchy – filtering of phenomena from large cities to smaller Stimulus – when a specific trait is rejected but the underlying idea is accepted (Siberians domesticating reindeer vs. cows) Barriers: Physical vs. Human Biased Innovations – social context vs. spatial context placesmage.geog.macalester.edu Expansion diffusion – spread ofa feature from one place to another in a snowballing process – 1 of 3 processes: Hierarchical diffusion – spread of an idea from persons of authority to other persons Contagious diffusion – rapid widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population – usually contagious diseases – AIDS prevention is a good example Stimulus diffusion – underlying principle is spread – apple vs. pc – apple dies out, but basic concepts remain

Factors Influencing Diffusion Time-distance decay – farther away from the innovation origin the less the effect Absorbing Barriers – completely halt diffusion Permeable barriers – allow some or part of the innovation through but weakens it Neighborhood effect – acceptance is usually most rapid in small clusters around an initial adopter Globalization – improved worldwide transport and communications allow the instantaneous diffusion of ideas and innovations

What type of diffusion? Expansion or relocation diffusion? Evidence of time-distance decay? Neighborhood effect?

AIDS Diffusion in the US, 1981-2002 Relocation diffusion can explain the spread of HIV, but not the decline of new cases – instead the rapid diffusion of medicines and prevention = expansion diffusion Fig. 1-22: New AIDS cases were concentrated in three nodes in 1981. They spread through the country in the 1980s, but declined in the original nodes in the late 1990s.

New AIDS Cases, 1981 (per 100,000 population)

New AIDS Cases, 1993 (per 100,000 population)

New AIDS Cases, 2002 (per 100,000 population)

Cumulative AIDS Cases, 1981-2002