Date of download: 10/29/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Guidelines for Volume Force Distributions Within Actuator Line Modeling of Wind Turbines on Large-Eddy Simulation-Type Grids J. Sol. Energy Eng. 2014;136(3):031003-031003-11. doi:10.1115/1.4026252 Figure Legend: A contour of the streamwise velocity normalized by freestream velocity taken in a plane perpendicular to the actuator line and at midspan using purely linear interpolation (a) or a spatially varying blend of midpoint and upwind interpolation (b). The point where the actuator line intersects these contours is shown with a black dot.

Date of download: 10/29/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Guidelines for Volume Force Distributions Within Actuator Line Modeling of Wind Turbines on Large-Eddy Simulation-Type Grids J. Sol. Energy Eng. 2014;136(3):031003-031003-11. doi:10.1115/1.4026252 Figure Legend: Vorticity magnitude in an axial wake plane (NREL 5 MW wind turbine, VWind = 8 m/s). In this example, the wind turbine rotor is subject to uniform inflow conditions. Root and tip vortices as well as the expansion of the streamtube are clearly visible in the near wake. The wake flow becomes unstable approximately 1.5 rotor diameters downstream of the turbine, where the laminar shear layer transitions to turbulent flow. The breakdown of large turbulent eddies into smaller ones is visible further downstream.

Date of download: 10/29/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Guidelines for Volume Force Distributions Within Actuator Line Modeling of Wind Turbines on Large-Eddy Simulation-Type Grids J. Sol. Energy Eng. 2014;136(3):031003-031003-11. doi:10.1115/1.4026252 Figure Legend: Equivalent elliptic distribution of Gaussian radius, ε. Here, the equivalent blade ellipse that defines the Gaussian radius ε(r) is shown on −R/2 ≤ r ≤ +R/2 for demonstration purposes only. For the actual computations of rotating blades and reporting the blade loads, the equivalent ellipse was shifted such that 0 ≤ r ≤ + R.

Date of download: 10/29/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Guidelines for Volume Force Distributions Within Actuator Line Modeling of Wind Turbines on Large-Eddy Simulation-Type Grids J. Sol. Energy Eng. 2014;136(3):031003-031003-11. doi:10.1115/1.4026252 Figure Legend: Examples of the “equivalent” elliptic planform to define the Gaussian radius ε

Date of download: 10/29/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Guidelines for Volume Force Distributions Within Actuator Line Modeling of Wind Turbines on Large-Eddy Simulation-Type Grids J. Sol. Energy Eng. 2014;136(3):031003-031003-11. doi:10.1115/1.4026252 Figure Legend: Spanwise variation of AOA for the NREL phase VI rotor (Vwind = 7 m/s). ALM parameters: ε/Δgrid = constant, Δgrid/R = 1/32, Δb/Δgrid = 1.

Date of download: 10/29/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Guidelines for Volume Force Distributions Within Actuator Line Modeling of Wind Turbines on Large-Eddy Simulation-Type Grids J. Sol. Energy Eng. 2014;136(3):031003-031003-11. doi:10.1115/1.4026252 Figure Legend: Spanwise variation of force for the NREL phase VI rotor (Vwind = 7 m/s). ALM parameters: ε/Δgrid = 2, Δgrid/R = 1/32, Δb/Δgrid = 1.

Date of download: 10/29/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Guidelines for Volume Force Distributions Within Actuator Line Modeling of Wind Turbines on Large-Eddy Simulation-Type Grids J. Sol. Energy Eng. 2014;136(3):031003-031003-11. doi:10.1115/1.4026252 Figure Legend: Spanwise variation of AOA for the NREL phase VI rotor (Vwind = 7 m/s). ALM parameters: ε/c = constant, Δgrid/R = 1/37, Δb/Δgrid = 1.

Date of download: 10/29/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Guidelines for Volume Force Distributions Within Actuator Line Modeling of Wind Turbines on Large-Eddy Simulation-Type Grids J. Sol. Energy Eng. 2014;136(3):031003-031003-11. doi:10.1115/1.4026252 Figure Legend: Spanwise variation of force for the NREL phase VI rotor (Vwind = 7 m/s). ALM parameters: ε/c = 0.57, Δgrid/R = 1/37, Δb/Δgrid = constant.

Date of download: 10/29/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Guidelines for Volume Force Distributions Within Actuator Line Modeling of Wind Turbines on Large-Eddy Simulation-Type Grids J. Sol. Energy Eng. 2014;136(3):031003-031003-11. doi:10.1115/1.4026252 Figure Legend: Spanwise variation of AOA for the NREL phase VI rotor (Vwind = 7 m/s). ALM parameters: ε/c* = 0.67, Δgrid/R = 1/37, Δb/Δgrid = constant.

Date of download: 10/29/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Guidelines for Volume Force Distributions Within Actuator Line Modeling of Wind Turbines on Large-Eddy Simulation-Type Grids J. Sol. Energy Eng. 2014;136(3):031003-031003-11. doi:10.1115/1.4026252 Figure Legend: Spanwise variation of force for the NREL phase VI rotor (Vwind = 7 m/s). ALM parameters: ε/c* = 0.67, Δgrid/R = constant, Δb/Δgrid = 1.5.

Date of download: 10/29/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Guidelines for Volume Force Distributions Within Actuator Line Modeling of Wind Turbines on Large-Eddy Simulation-Type Grids J. Sol. Energy Eng. 2014;136(3):031003-031003-11. doi:10.1115/1.4026252 Figure Legend: Spanwise variation of AOA and velocity magnitude for the NREL phase VI rotor (Vwind = 7 m/s). ALM parameters: ε/c* = 0.67, Δgrid/R = constant, Δb/Δgrid = 1.5.

Date of download: 10/29/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Guidelines for Volume Force Distributions Within Actuator Line Modeling of Wind Turbines on Large-Eddy Simulation-Type Grids J. Sol. Energy Eng. 2014;136(3):031003-031003-11. doi:10.1115/1.4026252 Figure Legend: Spanwise variation of force for the NREL 5-MW turbine (Vwind = 8 m/s). ALM parameters: ε/c* = 1.33, 0.67, Δgrid/R = constant, Δb/Δgrid = 1.5.

Date of download: 10/29/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Guidelines for Volume Force Distributions Within Actuator Line Modeling of Wind Turbines on Large-Eddy Simulation-Type Grids J. Sol. Energy Eng. 2014;136(3):031003-031003-11. doi:10.1115/1.4026252 Figure Legend: Spanwise variation of force for the NREL 5-MW turbine (Vwind = 8 m/s). ALM parameters: Δgrid/R = 1/64.

Date of download: 10/29/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Guidelines for Volume Force Distributions Within Actuator Line Modeling of Wind Turbines on Large-Eddy Simulation-Type Grids J. Sol. Energy Eng. 2014;136(3):031003-031003-11. doi:10.1115/1.4026252 Figure Legend: Wake structure and strength for the NREL 5-MW turbine (Vwind = 8 m/s) showing isosurface of vorticity magnitude 0.5 s− 1