6/23/2018 Sequential and Total Effect of Traditional and Emerging Manure Treatment Processes on Dairy CAFO: Gaseous Emission and Nutrient Fate Khalil,

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Presentation transcript:

6/23/2018 Sequential and Total Effect of Traditional and Emerging Manure Treatment Processes on Dairy CAFO: Gaseous Emission and Nutrient Fate Khalil, T.M., Carlson, B., Nelson, R., Uslar, N., Ewing, T., Frear, C., Stockle, C. Land Air Water Resources and Environmental Engineering (LAWREE), Department of Biological Systems Engineering July 29, 2015 Template D Plain-white-dark 1

Outline Background Challenges and Possible Solutions Modeling tool, and Scenarios Results Conclusion

Background What is an Animal Feeding Operation (AFO) / Confined Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO)? Animal Feeding Operation (AFO): Livestock kept in confinement/Stabled for 45 or more days in a year, and there is no crop grown or postharvest residue left in animal lot or facility Confined Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO): An AFO that meet regulatory definition of a CAFO may be regulated under the NPDES permitting program

Background Large CAFO: Medium CAFO: Small CAFO: Herd Size= > 1000 AU Medium CAFO: Herd Size = 300–999 AU, and Manure wastewater or animals come into contact with surface water Small CAFO: Herd Size< 300 AU, and Flagged as significant contributor of pollutants by permitting authority 1 AU = Livestock animal having 454kg body weight Beef Cow = 1 AU Dairy Cow = 1.4 AU Sheep/Lamb = 0.1 AU Swine (<50lb) = 0.1 AU Chicken = 0.008 AU

Background CAFOs Boom Dairy Farm vs Herd Size US Dairy Inventory = 9.3 million Total Farms = 51500 Bulk manure production Environmental Problems NH3 and PM2.5 GHG Emission Water Resources Contamination http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/ldp

Challenges Legislation to protect degradation Ammonia Emission (EPCRA) Reducing Risk of Water Resources Degradation (CWA-CNMP) Greenhouse Gases Reporting Program (GHGRP) How to Comply? Reduce the Herd Size Increase the land for manure application Apply manure treatment techniques

Solutions Traditional Techniques Coarse fiber separation Emerging Techniques Anaerobic Digestion Fine Solids Removal (DAF/Centrifugation) Ammonia Stripping

Objectives What will be the GHG and ammonia emission for different treatments scenarios from unit operation and whole-farm perspective? Nutrients value of lagoon effluent before land application?

Scenarios Evaluation 1. Baseline Animal– Barn – Coarse Separation – Lagoon Barn Coarse Fiber Removal Animal Lagoon

Scenarios Evaluation 2. Anaerobic Digestion Animal– Barn –Anaerobic Digestion – Coarse Separation – Lagoon Barn AD Coarse Fiber Removal Animal Lagoon

Scenarios Evaluation 3. Anaerobic Digestion and Coarse & Fine fiber Separation Animal– Barn –Anaerobic Digestion – Solids Separation – Lagoon Barn AD Coarse Fiber Removal Animal Fine Solid Removal Lagoon

Scenarios Evaluation 4. Incorporation of Ammonia Stripping Animal– Barn –Anaerobic Digestion – Solid Separation – Ammonia Stripping– Lagoon Barn AD Coarse Fiber Removal Animal NH3_N Recovery Fine Solid Removal Lagoon

Approach Dairy CAFO Model: Based on animal feed intake, estimates of N, C and P in manure GHG and ammonia emission from animal, barn, and lagoon Nutrient balance through mass balance approach Manure Management tools (AD, SS and NR)

Input Parameters and Site Description Location Yakima Valley, WA Herd Size 3000 Body Weight (kg) 635 DMI (kg/d) 17.5 CP (%) 16.8 Barn Area (m2/AU) 2.55 Max Lagoon Volume (m3) 153000 Lagoon Area (m2) 38250 Manure Scrape (per day) 3

Results Objective1: Contribution of Animal, Barn, and Lagoon to Whole Farm GHG Emissions: SC1: Coarse fiber removed SC2: AD+Coarse fiber removed SC3: AD+Coarse fiber & Fine Solids Removed SC4: AD+Coarse fiber & Fine Solids removed+NH3 stripping 27% 46%

Results Objective1: Contribution of Barn, and Lagoon to Whole Farm NH3 Emissions: 11% SC1: Coarse fiber removed SC2: AD+Coarse fiber removed SC3: AD+Coarse fiber & Fine Solids Removed SC4: AD+Coarse fiber & Fine Solids removed+NH3 stripping 51%

Results Objective2: Lagoon Effluent Nutrients Value: Sc1 Sc2 Sc3 Sc4   Sc1 Sc2 Sc3 Sc4 Total Nitrogen (kg) 352,255 327,511 219,125 87,353 Organic-N 113,490 70,954 36,499 Inorganic-N 238,765 256,557 182,626 50,853 Phosphorous, kg 63,437 12,116 Carbon, kg 1,266,286 717,844 586,908 586908 C/N 3.6 2.2 2.7 6.7 N/P 5.6 5.2 18.1 7.2 SC1: Coarse fiber removed SC2: AD+Coarse fiber removed SC3: AD+Coarse fiber & Fine Solids Removed SC4: AD+Coarse fiber & Fine Solids removed+NH3 stripping

Results Objective2: Lagoon Effluent Nutrients Value: % Reduction Sc2 Total N 7.02 37.79 75.20 Org N 37 68 Inorg N (7) 24 79 SC1: Coarse fiber removed SC2: AD+Coarse fiber removed SC3: AD+Coarse fiber & Fine Solids Removed SC4: AD+Coarse fiber & Fine Solids removed+NH3 stripping

Results Objective2: Lagoon Effluent Nutrients Value: 81% SC1: Coarse fiber removed SC2: AD+Coarse fiber removed SC3: AD+Coarse fiber & Fine Solids Removed SC4: AD+Coarse fiber & Fine Solids removed+NH3 stripping

Results Objective2: Lagoon Effluent Nutrients Value: 43% 54% 54% SC1: Coarse fiber removed SC2: AD+Coarse fiber removed SC3: AD+Coarse fiber & Fine Solids Removed SC4: AD+Coarse fiber & Fine Solids removed+NH3 stripping

Conclusion Dairy animals have higher contribution to GHG emission (enteric fermentation and respiration) GHG emission reduces with Anaerobic Digestion (AD) followed by Solids Separation (SS) AD increases TAN, hence NH3 volatilization Nitrogen recovery reduces NH3 losses by 51% Whole-farm analysis is realistic approach to account and understand the impact of treatment or set of treatments

Future Work Dairy CAFO CropSyst Dairy-CropSyst

Acknowledgments

Thank You Questions? Tariq M Khalil Washington State University Pullman, WA 99164-6120 Email: tariqmahmood.khalil@wsu.edu http://www.animasi-bergerak.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/gambar-animasi-bergerak-gif-2sapi.gif