Japan’s recent activities on mercury Exposures and health research on mercury MoE, Minamata research center New development on the comprehensive strategy of toxic metal control (including mercury) Up-to-date material flow analysis Mercury and Pb, Cd Input/output to/from and within Japan Emission estimation Industrial sectors Municipal/industrial incinerators Products Measurement of consumer products Review of new/existing mercury reduction technologies Environmental monitoring Fate modeling

Status of multimedia modeling efforts of mercury fate and transport Noriyuki Suzuki, Yoshitaka Imaizumi, Takeo Sakurai, Kiyoshi Tanabe, Hiroaki Shiraishi and Yasuyuki Shibata National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan

General understanding of the fate of mercury : taken from UNEP Global Assessment report

Multimedia fate model/concept of trace chemicals Cowan, et al. (1995)

General structure of G-CIEMS multimedia model LAND AIR RIVER SEA MULTIMEDIA Multimedia fate process on geo-referenced environment Advective and inter-media transport processes Transformation from parent to daughter products

Global G-CIEMS: preliminary case study Model domain Global, 2.5 x 2.5 degrees (in general) Single Arctic and Antarctic region Target compound and emission estimation PCB #153 and Hg Emission estimation is based on Breivik, et al. Environmental media Air grids: 2.5 x 2.5 degree Soil compartment with essential same resolution of air Single generic sea compartment Meteorological data Yearly average meteorological data Needs to be incorporate more detailed temporal resolution Model used G-CIEMS multimedia fate model Global expansion of spatially-resolved regional multimedia fate model

Emission pattern and air concentration of PCB#153 simulated by G-CIEMS model 10-6 10-11 10-15 (kg/s) Air concentration 101 10-8 10-18 (pg/m3)

Model intercomparison study Fig. 8. Particulate dry deposition flux from the atmosphere to different types of underlying surface, ng/m2/h POP model intercomparison study (MSC-E/EMEP)

Simplified mercury speciation for multimedia model simulation by our model Hg(0) Hg(p) Hg2+ MeHg Air Water Soil Sediment ・Hg(0), Hg2+, Hg(p) ・Dry/wet depositions and other inter-media processes for each species ・In soil, water and sediment, Hg(0), Hg2+, MeHg ・Methylation to MeHg tentatively assumed - Inter-media processes among air, water, soil and sediment

Mercury emission data for preliminary calculation (Pachyna, Y. , et al 10-3 10-7 10-11

Concentration of total Hg in air 10-10 10-15 10-20 Simulated air concentration at cape Hedo in Okinawa, Japan Hg0 (ng/m3) Hg2+ (pg/m3) Hg(p) (pg/m3) Total (ng/m3) Conc. 1.1 0.83

Working issues Need for the improvement of the air compartments to be compared to the atmospheric transport models Development of the mercury-specific fate processes in other media when necessary Extensive validation to the measured data in air and possible other media