"New authoritarianism's" legislative tools and actions to control the media Gábor Polyák The Media Policies of Europe’s “New Authoritarianism”, LSE, 27 January 2017

State interventions on media activities Legislative tools Media content regulation Media market regulation Taxation … Extralegal tools Expansion of party-affiliated media enterprises Influencing the connected markets Placement of state advertisement

Mechanism of indirect media freedom restrictions institutional basis manipulation of media market conditions chilling effect manipulated public discourse vague restrictions on journalistic activities strengthening market positions of government-affiliated enterprises

Legislative tools Media content Behaviour of journalists Target Tools Effects Media content Vague rules Strict sanctions Unpredictable processes Behaviour of journalists Protection of journalists' sources Further rules on journalism Market of content providers Frequency tenders Vague rules on media concentration Discriminative burdens (taxes etc.) Connected markets Unpredictable regulation of the access to distribution capacities Distorting regulation of advertising markets, media agencies, sales houses Public media Influenceable organisation Non-transparent financing Control organisations Broad competencies Unpredictable room for consideration Chilling effect, self-censorship Manipulated media market