Structures of Eukaryotic Cells -Mitochondria -Chloroplast -Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum -Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum -Golgi bodies -Lysosomes -Vacuoles Quick Review

Mitochondria: 1. -cell’s powerhouse 2. -the place were the cell converts food into ATP energy. 3. -found in all eukaryotic cells~plant-like and animal like.

4. -site of cellular respiration E = ATP -12 to 1000 mitochondria per cell -plant cells have less than animal cells. Why? -less active -require less energy -Which cells in our body would have the most mitochondria? -muscle cells ~ very active

Mitochondria are made up of 2 membranes: -outer membrane -inner membranes -inner membrane of mitochondria are known as cristae.

Cristae increase the surface area so more energy can be produced without taking up too much room. Analogy: Population 5,000 in 1/4 square mile. Population 5,000 in 10 square mile. verses

Chloroplast: -site of photosynthesis -Found only in plant-like cells Sun + 6CO2 + 6H2OC6H12O6 + 6O2

CHLOROPLAST: -Trap energy of the sun and convert it into sugars which can be stored by the plant or broken down in the mitochondria into ATP energy. Plant store sugar in their fruits, stems, and roots.

Thylakoids: platelike structures which collect the sun’s energy. Like a mitochondria’s cristae, the thylakoids of a chloroplast increase the surface area so more sun light can be collected. Similar to……………………. Solar panals

ROY G BIV Absorbs: -all spectrums of light but green is reflected.

Ribosome Review Nickname: Job: Made up of: Cell’s workbench Make proteins in their linear form by assembling amino acids together in their correct order by using DNA’s code Made up of: RNA rolled into a ball and held together with protein clips

Two types: Attached ribosomes: Unattached/free floating ribosomes: Found in eukaryotic cells attached to the endoplasmic reticulum Unattached/free floating ribosomes: Found in prokaryotic cells, just floating around in the cytoplasm

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Nickname: Known as the cell’s subway system Job: Transports AA’s and proteins around the cell

The E.R is a made up of a series of interconnected, hollow channels. Two types of E.R: 1. Smooth E.R. -has no ribosomes attached. -responsible for making phospholipids for new membranes 2. Rough E.R. -has ribosomes attached -aids in protein synthesis (transports and stores our extra AA’s )

1.Proteins, made by the ribosomes, travel through the hollow channels of the rough ER into the smooth ER. 2.The end of the smooth ER pinches off around the protein forming a “transporting vesicle”

3. Transporting vesicle transports the newly formed protein to the golgi body.

Golgi Complex, Apparatus or Bodies -a stack of flattened membranes clustered in one area. Made up of a collection of transporting vesicles.

Known as the Fed-Ex man Job: Collects, stores, modifies and packages materials it receives from the transporting vesicles/ER and then deliver them to where they need to go. -Where a protein gets it 3D shape

Example: Insulin production in a pancreas cell

Lysosomes: Nickname: Clean Up Crew or Suicide Sack Job: Organelles which contain digestive enzymes made by the ribosomes and processed in the golgi. Three Jobs: 1. Fuse to an old or damaged cell organelle, injects its enzymes into it and digest the old organelle .

2. In unicellular organisms, like protost, lysosomes fuse to food and digest the food for the organism. Lysosomes in an older or damaged cells breaks open and releases enzymes into the Cytoplasm ~ digesting the cell from the inside out. Example: lifespan: RBC’s WBC’s Sperm 120 days 8 days 5 days

Lysosomes

Vacuoles: Storage area for cell Stores excess water, food or waste.

Plant-like cells have 1 or 2 large central vacuole which stores excess water or sugars Animals-like cells have many small vacuoles which store excess water and waste.

Plastids: A type of vacuole in plants that store pigments Chloroplast: Stores chlorophyll Leucoplast: Stores starch Chromoplast: Stores color pigments

Flagella: Long whip like tail Cilia: short hairlike

Centrioles: used by animal cells for cell division

Plant and Animal Cell Comparison Plant cells have: Animal cells have: cell wall and membrane only a cell membrane chloroplast no chloroplast 1 or 2 large vacuole many small vacuoles No centrioles 1 pair of centrioles Has plastids No plastids Rectangular in shape Roundish in shape Small # of mitochondria Large # of mitochondria