The Combined Effects of Hematoporphyrin Monomethyl Ether-SDT and Doxorubicin on the Proliferation of QBC939 Cell Lines Lei Liang, Sheng Xie, Lin Jiang,

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The Combined Effects of Hematoporphyrin Monomethyl Ether-SDT and Doxorubicin on the Proliferation of QBC939 Cell Lines Lei Liang, Sheng Xie, Lin Jiang, Hui Jin, Songgang Li, Jianwen Liu Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology Volume 39, Issue 1, Pages 146-160 (January 2013) DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.08.017 Copyright © 2013 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Viability of QBC939 cells measured by MTT assay immediately after ultrasound therapy and incubated at 37°C in dark for 4 h. Bars in the figure represent means ± SD of at least three independent experiments. The significance level was set as *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology 2013 39, 146-160DOI: (10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.08.017) Copyright © 2013 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 (a) The dose effect of DOX and DOX-SDT on the viability of QBC939 cells. (■) without ultrasound, (●) ultrasound. (b) The dose effect of HMME and HMME-SDT on the viability of QBC939 cells. (■) without ultrasound, (●) ultrasound. Cells were cultured for 24h after treatment. The cell viability was then determined by MTT assay and expressed as means ± SD of three separate experiments. Significant differences from control were indicated by *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology 2013 39, 146-160DOI: (10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.08.017) Copyright © 2013 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 The dose and time effect of drug combination on the viability of QBC939 cells. (a) 0 h (b) 6 h(c) 12 h (d) 24 h. The cell viability was then determined by MTT assay and expressed as means ± SD of three separate experiments. Significant differences from control were indicated by *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology 2013 39, 146-160DOI: (10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.08.017) Copyright © 2013 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Summarizes the results from ROS assays in the culture medium. Data represent mean ± SD for four independent experiments. Significant differences from control were indicated by *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology 2013 39, 146-160DOI: (10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.08.017) Copyright © 2013 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Flow cytometric analysis of HMME and DOX induced apoptosis in QBC939 cells using Annexin V-FITC/PI. Cells were incubated in 35 mm plates for 24 h and stained with Annexin V-FITC/PI to analyze apoptotic and necrotic cell populations. (a) control, (b) ultrasound alone, (c) treated with DOX, (d) treated with DOX and ultrasound, (e) treated with HMME low dose, (f) treated with HMME low dose and ultrasound, (g) treated with HMME high dose, (h) treated with treated with HMME high dose and ultrasound, (i) treated with HMME low dose + DOX, (j) treated with HMME low dose + DOX and ultrasound, (k) treated with HMME high dose + DOX, (l) treated with HMME high dose + DOX and ultrasound. Data are representative of one of three similar experiments. The data was presented as means ± SD and as representative of an average of three independent experiments. Significant differences from control were indicated by *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology 2013 39, 146-160DOI: (10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.08.017) Copyright © 2013 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Fluorescent staining of DNA in treated and untreated cells by PI. Cells were incubated in 35 mm plates for 24 h and stained with PI to analyze cell arrest. (a) control, (b) ultrasound alone, (c) treated with DOX, (d) treated with DOX and ultrasound, (e) treated with HMME low dose, (f) treated with HMME low dose and ultrasound, (g) treated with HMME high dose, (h) treated with treated with HMME high dose and ultrasound, (i) treated with HMME low dose + DOX, (j) treated with HMME low dose + DOX and ultrasound, (k) treated with HMME high dose + DOX, (l) treated with HMME high dose + DOX and ultrasound. Data are representative of one of three similar experiments. The data was presented as means ± SD and as representative of an average of three independent experiments. Significant differences from control were indicated by *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 (G1 phases cell number %); †p < 0.05, ††p < 0.01, †††p < 0.001 (S phases cell number %); ‡p < 0.05, ‡‡p < 0.01, ‡‡‡p < 0.001 (G2 phases cell number %). Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology 2013 39, 146-160DOI: (10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.08.017) Copyright © 2013 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 7 Fluorescent staining of nuclei in cells of all experimental groups by Hoechst 33258. QBC939 cells was treated with drugs and ultrasound and continued culturing for 24 h. (a) control group, (b) ultrasound alone, (c) treated with DOX, (d) treated with DOX and ultrasound, (e) treated with HMME low dose, (f) treated with HMME low dose and ultrasound, (g) treated with HMME high dose, (h) treated with treated with HMME high dose and ultrasound, (i) treated with HMME low dose + DOX, (j) treated with HMME low dose + DOX and ultrasound, (k) treated with HMME high dose + DOX, (l) treated with HMME high dose + DOX and ultrasound. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology 2013 39, 146-160DOI: (10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.08.017) Copyright © 2013 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 8 Western blot analysis of protein extracts obtained from QBC cells were treated in accordance with the experiment design. Total protein extracts were prepared after treatment for 24 h and analyzed with antibodies to p53, Fas, Bax, activated caspase-3, Bcl-2 and β-actin. β-actin was used as a loading control. Western blots were representative of three independent experiments. Data were presented as means ± SD and as representative of an average of three independent experiments per concentration. Significant differences from control were indicated by *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology 2013 39, 146-160DOI: (10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.08.017) Copyright © 2013 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 9 DNA fragmentation induced by treatment as designed. (A) control group, (B) ultrasound alone, (C) treated with DOX, (D) treated with DOX and ultrasound, (E) treated with HMME low dose, (F) treated with HMME high dose, (G) treated with HMME low dose and ultrasound, (H) treated with HMME high dose and ultrasound, (I) treated with HMME low dose + DOX, (J) treated with HMME low dose + DOX and ultrasound, (K) treated with HMME high dose + DOX, (L) treated with HMME high dose + DOX and ultrasound. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology 2013 39, 146-160DOI: (10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.08.017) Copyright © 2013 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 10 Levels of DNA damage in QBC939 cells. (a) control, (b) ultrasound alone, (c) treated with DOX, (d) treated with DOX and ultrasound, (e) treated with HMME low dose, (f) treated with HMME low dose and ultrasound, (g) treated with HMME high dose, (h) treated with HMME high dose and ultrasound, (i) treated with HMME low dose + DOX, (j) treated with HMME low dose + DOX and ultrasound, (k) treated with HMME high dose + DOX, (l) treated with HMME high dose + DOX and ultrasound. The degree of DNA damage was estimated with the comet tail moment assay and chose at least 100 cells. Data were presented as means ± SD and as representative of an average of three independent experiments per concentration. Significant differences from control were indicated by *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology 2013 39, 146-160DOI: (10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.08.017) Copyright © 2013 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 11 Western blot analysis of protein extracts obtained from QBC939 cells were treated in accordance with the experiment design. (a)Total protein extracts were prepared after treatment for 12 h and analyzed with antibodies to p53, γ-H2A.X and MDM2. (b)Total protein extracts were prepared after treatment for 24 h and analyzed the same antibodies as 12 h. β-actin was used as a loading control. Western blots were representative of three independent experiments. Data were presented as means ± SD and as representative of an average of three independent experiments per concentration. Significant differences from control were indicated by *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology 2013 39, 146-160DOI: (10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.08.017) Copyright © 2013 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 12 (І) Summarizes the results from ROS assays in the culture medium, when added NAC. Data represent mean ± SD for four independent experiments. Significant difference from control were indicated by *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. (II) Levels of DNA damage in QBC939 cells. Results from single cell gel electrophoresis analysis. (a) control, (b) ultrasound alone, (c) treated with DOX, (d) treated with DOX and ultrasound, (e) treated with HMME low dose, (f) treated with HMME low dose and ultrasound, (g) treated with HMME high dose, (h) treated with HMME high dose and ultrasound, (i) treated with HMME low dose + DOX, (j) treated with HMME low dose + DOX and ultrasound, (k) treated with HMME high dose + DOX, (l) treated with HMME high dose + DOX and ultrasound. The degree of DNA damage was estimated with the comet tail moment assay and chose at least 100 cells. Data were presented as means ± SD and as representative of an average of three independent experiments per concentration. Significant differences from control were indicated by *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. (III) Western blot analysis of protein extracts obtained from QBC939 cells were treated as the experiment designed, respectively. Total protein extracts were prepared after treatment for 24 h. β-actin was used as a loading control. Western blots were representative of three independent experiments. Data were presented as means ± SD and as representative of an average of three independent experiments per concentration. Significant differences from control were indicated by *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology 2013 39, 146-160DOI: (10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.08.017) Copyright © 2013 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology Terms and Conditions