WW1 and WAR OF INDEPENDENCE 1914-1923

Between who? Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria Allied or Entente Powers: UK, France, Russia, Italy (first in Central Powers), USA (later)

Fronts in the WW I The Western Front (West of Germany) The Eastern Front (East of Germany) Northern Italy Balkans Ottoman Empire Colonies

WW1 and Ottoman Empire Allied powers and the Ottomans Germans and Ottomans Why did the OE want to ally with Central Powers? Why did Germany want to ally with the OE? Jihad 1914: Agreement of Alliance with Germany 1914: “Goeben and Breslau”

Ottoman Fronts in WWI Gallipoli Caucasus Middle East Dardanelles Sarıkamış Defeat Armenian Question 1917 Bolshevick Revolution Middle East Arab Revolt and Lawrence of Arabia

End of WW1 Mudros Armistice (30 Oct 1918) : Ottoman units in occupied areas would surrender Demobilization and disarmament of the army Control of all communications and strategic sites are transferred to Entente powers Article 7: Entente powers are given the right to occupy territories in case their security is threatened by an internal disorder Article 24: The Entente powers were given the right to intervene militarily in Armenian provinces when law and order are under threat

Situation of Ottoman Empire after WWI Due to loss of the War CUP members left the Ottoman empire. Teskilat-i Mahsusa Karakol Parliament is closed down and Damat Ferit Paşa was appointed as the Grand Vizier. New parties & civil society organizations Hurriyet ve Itilaf Firkasi (reorganized) Teceddut Firkasi (Renovation Party)(1918-1919) Osmanli Hurriyetperver ve Avam Firkasi (Fethi Okyar) (Ottoman Liberal People’s Party)(dissident unionists)

After WWI İssue of western mandate Defense of Rights Organizations (Mudafa-I Hukuk Cemiyetleri) Greek occupation of Izmir Kuvay-i Milliye forces Regional congresses (Balikesir-Alasehir-Trabzon)

Damat Ferit Paşa

Mustafa Kemal Kazım Karabekir

Struggle: September 1919-December 1920 Amasya Circular Erzurum Congress (23 July-7 August 1919) Representative Committee Sivas Congress (4-11 September) Formation of Anatolia and Rumelia Defence of Rights Organization National Pact (Misak-i Milli) (Wilsonian principle of self-determination)

National Pact (Misak-i Milli) “The territories inhabited by an Ottoman Muslim majority formed an indivisible whole.” It left the settlement of the status of Arab provinces that were under foreign occupation to the vote of their population. A plebiscite was suggested for Kars, Ardahan and Batum, as well as Western Thrace.

Struggle: September 1919-December 1920 Vahdettin appointed Ali Rıza Paşa as grand vizier (hope to open up a channel of dialogue with the resistance) – his government decided to hold elections New Parliament (Last Ottoman Parliament) : Felah-ı Vatan group in the Parliament

Struggle: September 1919-December 1920 12 Jan 1920 – The parliament accepted Misak-ı Milli Formal occupation of Istanbul by allied forces (British) Formation of Grand National Assembly of Turkey in Ankara (23 April 1920)

Sevres Treaty (10 August 1920) An independent Armenia and an autonomous Kurdistan in the east Aegean islands and Eastern Thrace were given to Greece Izmir was put under Greek administration, its future to be decided with a plebiscite within 5 years Italian and French zones were confirmed in accordance with wartime agreements International control and demilitarization of the Straits Size of the Ottoman army limited and put under Allied control All financial matters of the Empire to be decided by an Allied commission Capitulations to be reinstated

Ottoman delegation at Sevres: Rıza Tevfik, Damat Ferit Paşa, Hadi Paşa, Reşid Halis

Reaction to Sevres and the Following Developments Ankara rejected Sevres Damat Ferit Paşa resigned Impact of Sevres on the resistance movement Military success in the Eastern Front Gumru Treaty with Armenia---Ankara’s first agreement (December 1920) Reorganizing the regular army in the west

Eastern Border

Further Legitimization of GNA Strengthening M.Kemal’s authority, reorganizing regular army Law on Fugitives (Independence Tribunals) The Law of Fundamantal Organization (Teskilat-I Esasiye Kanunu), January 1921 “Sovereignty belongs unconditionally to the milllet” “The executive and legislative functions are combined in the Grand National Assembly as the rue and sole representative of the millet.”

War for Independence 1&2 İnönü Battles Sakarya (August-September 1921) Dumlupınar-Büyük Taarruz Mudanya Armistice (October 1922) Domestic Power Struggles Defence of the Rights Group vs Second Group

Border agreements Gumru-Armenia (December 1920) Moscov –Soviet Union (March 1921) Treaty of Friendship (July 1921) Ankara Treaty-France (October 1921)

Lausanne Negotiations Peace Talks in Laussanne Calling of Istanbul government and GNA Abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate (1 November 1922) Second Group and its criticism in the parliament and new elections

Vahidettin and Abdulmecid

The Turkish Delegation

Lausanne Treaty Turkey as a sovereign geo-political entity Twice the size of the territory envisaged in Sevres three years earlier Mosul remained a contested region Capitulations were abolished Turkey assumed the bulk of the Ottoman debt to European states Demilitarization of the Straits and Dardanelles and International Commission Population exchange , Islamization of Anatolia completed