Globalization and Resistance 37 Globalization and Resistance

Figure 37.1 Indian university students in New Delhi protest India's hosting of the Indian Miss World contest by burning contestants in effigy. Like these students, some Indian conservatives see beauty pageants as decadent imports from the West that are destructive of their culture's traditional values. Figure 37.1 Indian university students in New Delhi protest India's hosting of the Indian Miss World contest by burning contestants in effigy. Like these students, some Indian conservatives see beauty pageants as decadent imports from the West that are destructive of their culture's traditional values.

Chapter Overview Global Industrialization Globalization: Causes and Processes The Global Environment Resistance and Alternatives Toward the Future

Global Industrialization Mexico, Turkey, Brazil China and India China Industrial growth Pollution Cheap labor and pressure on peasants India Steadier growth High-technology products, software Use of English

Global Industrialization Older Industrial Centers The West and Japan Still led in export and service Industrial designs despite fabrication elsewhere Growth lag Global financial recession in 2008

Globalization: Causes and Processes What Globalization Means Causes Opening of China, Soviet Union Technology Communication English as a world language

Globalization: Causes and Processes The New Technology Cellular phones Computers Internet World Wide Web Tim Berners, 1990 Satellite linkages

Map 37.1 Multinational Corporations in 2000 By the end of the 20th century, multinational companies had become a major force for economic change and political controversy over much of the world. As this map illustrates, these engines of globalization were especially prominent in mature industrial and more affluent societies, and much less in evidence in formerly colonized or communist countries. Map 37.1 Multinational Corporations in 2000 By the end of the 20th century, multinational companies had become a major force for economic change and political controversy over much of the world. As this map illustrates, these engines of globalization were especially prominent in mature industrial and more affluent societies, and much less in evidence in formerly colonized or communist countries.

Globalization: Causes and Processes Economic Globalization: Business Organization and Investment Multinational corporations Seeking cheap raw materials Outsourcing

Figure 37. 2 Change and continuity in rural India Figure 37.2 Change and continuity in rural India. New irrigation and electrification combine with traditional methods of tilling the soil as agricultural production rises. Figure 37.2 Change and continuity in rural India. New irrigation and electrification combine with traditional methods of tilling the soil as agricultural production rises.

Globalization: Causes and Processes Migration Continuity Spurs fear of job competition

Globalization: Causes and Processes Cultural Globalization McDonald's Obesity Holidays Dress Music

Figure 37.3 The mixtures of peoples and cultures that had become a prominent feature of world history by the end of the 20th century are wonderfully illustrated by this group of Muslim schoolchildren in a French school. By 2007, more than 10 percent of the French population was Islamic. In 2006, riots broke out in Islamic areas of French cities revealing tensions over the gap between opportunities available to immigrants and those available to the majority population. Figure 37.3 The mixtures of peoples and cultures that had become a prominent feature of world history by the end of the 20th century are wonderfully illustrated by this group of Muslim schoolchildren in a French school. By 2007, more than 10 percent of the French population was Islamic. In 2006, riots broke out in Islamic areas of French cities revealing tensions over the gap between opportunities available to immigrants and those available to the majority population.

Globalization: Causes and Processes Institutions of Globalization International Monetary Fund (IMF) North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Figure 37.4 This composite satellite image shows the regional impact of the human population on the planet. Regions where light burns brightest include much of Europe, Japan, and the United States—regions with a considerable amount of industry. Regions with excessive pollution because of petroleum extraction are also visible, particularly in the Middle East and areas of Russia, as are regions plagued by wild fires (Australia) and those that engage in slash-and-burn agriculture, particularly areas of the African and South American continents. Figure 37.4 This composite satellite image shows the regional impact of the human population on the planet. Regions where light burns brightest include much of Europe, Japan, and the United States—regions with a considerable amount of industry. Regions with excessive pollution because of petroleum extraction are also visible, particularly in the Middle East and areas of Russia, as are regions plagued by wild fires (Australia) and those that engage in slash-and-burn agriculture, particularly areas of the African and South American continents.

The Global Environment Environmental Issues as Global Concerns Greenhouse effect Disease AIDS Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), 2003

Figure 37.5 In April 1986, nuclear chain reactions in the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine (then part of the Soviet Union) leapt out of control, creating a fireball that blew the steel and concrete lid off of the reactor. Radioactive material was spewed into the open air and drifted across Europe. The area surrounding the plant, which is now closed, remains a contaminated wasteland. The Chernobyl catastrophe was unique, but it added to the larger environmental damage in many parts of the former Soviet Union. Figure 37.5 In April 1986, nuclear chain reactions in the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine (then part of the Soviet Union) leapt out of control, creating a fireball that blew the steel and concrete lid off of the reactor. Radioactive material was spewed into the open air and drifted across Europe. The area surrounding the plant, which is now closed, remains a contaminated wasteland. The Chernobyl catastrophe was unique, but it added to the larger environmental damage in many parts of the former Soviet Union.

Resistance and Alternatives Protest and Economic Uncertainties World Trade Organization World Bank Nationalism and New Religious Currents Religious revival Russian Orthodoxy Fundamentalism

Figure 37.6 The increasing gap between rich and poor is a controversial problem in the age of globalization. Here, contemporary workers and shoppers pass a homeless person on a Hong Kong sidewalk. Figure 37.6 The increasing gap between rich and poor is a controversial problem in the age of globalization. Here, contemporary workers and shoppers pass a homeless person on a Hong Kong sidewalk.

How Much Historical Change? Two analyses looking toward the future "End of history" concept Democratic form of government Works best worldwide Ordinary people will not vote for war of aggression Spread of consumer capitalism Triumph of capitalism? Not necessarily compatible with democracy Shared interests

Visualizing the Past Two Faces of Globalization

Toward the Future Projecting from Trends Slow of population growth How to react to populations of older adults Fragile trends Consumerism vs. religious interest

Toward the Future Big Changes The Problem of the Contemporary Period "Population bomb" Postindustrial society Shift from production to entertainment The Problem of the Contemporary Period New dominant country, or no dominance? Rights and roles of women