The High Middle Ages Rise of Royal Power Growth of European Kingdoms is marked by the domination of the nobility

In the weeks ahead…we will look at the decline of feudalism…leading us to the …. The Crusades The Rise of Nation States… Absolute Monarchies ROYAL POWER! Rising Middle Class Introduction of Gunpowder KINGS = extending power that will eventually lead to the development of powerful European states Increased lands through marriage Growth of towns = less reliance on vassals (support of the middle class – builds ties) Monarchs build power = earlier Church and Nobles hold power

Beginning of the Nation-State English, French and Spanish monarchs unite people who share a common nationality Loyalty shifts back from local lord/fief to the king/nation England united under Alfred King Alfred the Great united various kingdoms of England in the late 9th Century = England ruled by Anglo Saxon monarchs

Developments in England William the Conqueror (1066-1087): William, the Duke of Normandy defeated Lord Harold at the Battle of Hastings… Normans = strong leadership and feudal system (historically); excellent soldiers (high speed on horses w/ lance) William the Conqueror King Edward dies and leaves no heir – Harold support of nobles / William support of Pope Conquers King Harold of England at the Battle of Hastings (Harold army tired from 2 front war) October 14. 1066 he lands with 7000 soldiers Crowned English King in December 1066 Combined Norman and Saxon cultures Norman knights given fiefs = all had to swear highest obligation to the King = all loyal to the king King of England is ALSO Duke of Normandy Vassal to the King of France! Now the vassal is more powerful than the lord Power tie keeps England very involved in continental European politics

Government Language Culture Domesday Book Salisbury Oath William the Conqueror Government Language Culture Domesday Book Salisbury Oath Strengthens monarchy Normans and Anglo-Saxons = nobility blends Normans took to English culture Incorporated Office of Sheriff Government = shires (large areas) with a Reeve or chief official Civil and criminal court responsibilities Enforce the kings laws or writs Trial jury (modern Grand Jury from this system( ALSO develops new culture = French Norman and English Saxon New English language = from Latin and French Developed offices that combine both cultures = i.e., sheriff from the Saxons = CULTURAL DIFFUSION! Census = all of England = strengthens taxation system and provides a great historical record Reading from the Domesday Book Domesday Book = Census; lists castles, fields, people, efficient tax collection methods Creates a strong centralized monarchy Strengthened financial situation and Royal Treasury through tax collection

Guildford Castle - "...probably founded by William the Conqueror soon after 1066..."

William Kills Harold at the Battle of Hastings

King Henry II (1154-1189) King Henry II Royal Courts Common Law Battle with the Church Henry and Becket Henry II (1154 CE) Broadened system of Royal justice = stregnthens the power of the Royal courts; makes the king more powerful and provides additional revenue Common Law = law for all people is the same – replaces varying local legal codes / entire kingdom same law Royal Courts administered Common Law (over time became the most popular and powerful) Jury System = traveling justices who took sworn oaths; determined validity of cases, because the 12 neighbors Church versus State Henry II versus Thomas a’ Becket (Archbishop of Canterbury by Henry II doing) Infamous struggle (movie next two class periods) Henry claims the right to punish the clergy – try clergy in Royal Courts; Becket states that only court can try the clerics, Henry “who will free me of this priest?” = 4 knights go to Canterbury and murder Becket (1170 CE) Henry must give court/judicial power to the church for clergy = Becket becomes a martyr

King Richard I (the Lion heart) King John (NOT loved!) Henry II’s Sons King Richard I (the Lion heart) King John (NOT loved!) How do they impact modern culture? Richard I (Lionheart) Son of Henry II Crusade (II) – develops mutual respect with Saladin Dies and was rarely in England as King King John Younger brother of Richard I 1199 – 1216 CE ROBIN HOOD!

Richard I

King John’s 3 Foes FOE # 1 - King Philip II of France Loss of Lands Anjou and Normandy FOE # 2 – Nobles forced King John to sign the Magna Charta at Runnymeade in 1215 Monarchs power limited not absolute FOE # 3 – Pope Innocent III excommunication and interdict for all of England John versus Philip II Battle between two kings Lost war to France = lost Anjou and Normandy (tie to continental politics) Nobles versus John (Magna Charta Activity) Heavy taxes and strict laws on the nobility 1215 = nobles force John to sign the Magna Charta at Runnymeade Magna Charta is a feudal document based on obligations = becomes foundation of that idea that monarchial power is limited and not absolute Nobles have rights, monarch must follow law, some sections protect the people Establishes the Great Council of Lords and Clergy (Parliament) – consult for taxation; rulers call on them Requires that all are guaranteed trial by jury Pope Innocent III and John Battle / argument over Archbishop of Canterbury Excommunicates John / England under interdict RESULT = England fief of Pope and England pays yearly fee

John signs the Magna Charta

Magna Charta

Innocent III

Magna Charta Document signed outside London, by King John of England, that limits English royal power … it exemplifies feudal relationships of mutual obligation…

Parliament and Edward I Great Council (middle-class representatives) Model Parliament Parliament: The House of Lords and The House of Commons Edward I includes commoners in this group = develops into a 2 party legislature (House of Lords and House of Commons) House of Lords = nobles and bishops (church lords) House of Commons = knights and townspeople Great Council = greater barons and chiefs Invited 2 knights and 2 residents from each county to consult on taxes

King Edward

Rise of France

Developments in France After the rule of the Carolingian family (Charlemagne) came Capetian rule… Capetian Rule 843 CE Treaty of Verdun 987 CE death of last Carolingian King and Nobles choose Hugh Capet (starts Capetian dynasty) of France Hugh Capet = holds very little actual power; early dukes more powerful than kings

French King Philip Augustus Philip II 1180-1223 Capetian Kings French King Philip Augustus Philip II 1180-1223 Capetian Kings = continue to expand French lands Philip Augustus (Phillip II) 1180 to 1223 CE Supported by the middle class = power Role of monarch strengthened by tax collection (efficient) at national level and laws Responsible for granting town charters War with England to gain control of lands on the continent (Normandy, Anjou, Aquitaine – transferred to England when Eleanor married Henry II) = successful in most of the areas Established the French Royal Bureaucracy X4 income and greatly increased power

King Louis IX (1226-1270) Louis and the Church Achievements Capetian Kings King Louis IX (1226-1270) Louis and the Church Achievements Louis IX Grandson of Phillip II Noble, chivalrous, justice = loved by the people Pious = wars and other religions persecuted Ended serfdom and expanded courts

Philip the Fair 1285-1314 Taxes and the Church The Estates General Capetian Kings Philip the Fair 1285-1314 Taxes and the Church The Estates General Philip the Fair “the fair” = strengthens monarchy Grandson Louis IX Wanted clergy to pay taxes = sent troops = Pope beaten and dies = Frenchman now Pope (established strong tie of nation to the church Established council for advise and chamber of accounts (finance) French Parliament = 1302 Estates General 1. Clergy; 2. Nobles; 3. Townspeople = does not gain power like Parliament in England By 1300 France largest, wealthiest, and strongest monarchy in Europe

Philip II