Chapter 12 Industry & the North © 2015 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

The Transportation Revolution Between 1800 and 1840, roads, canals, and the steamboat stimulated the transportation revolution: encouraged growth linked Americans beyond their communities promoted greater mobility of people and goods, making a Market Revolution possible.

MAP 12.1 Travel Times, 1800 and 1857 MAP 12.1 Travel Times, 1800 and 1857 The transportation revolution dramatically reduced travel times and vastly expanded everyone’s horizons. Improved roads, canals, and the introduction of steamboats and railroads made it easier for Americans to move and made even those who did not move less isolated. Better transportation linked the developing West to the eastern seaboard and fostered a sense of national identity and pride.

The Market Revolution Transportation Water Transportation New Roads & Wagons Water Transportation Erie Canal crosses New York State Connected the Midwest (farmers) with the East Market Economy - Large scale manufacturing and commercial agriculture emerged in America producing boom-and bust cycles while raising the American standard of living. During Jefferson’s embargo and the War of 1812, Americans were forced to look to themselves for the finished goods and manufactured items they needed. Thus, the spark of the Industrial Revolution was struck. With this new demand for goods came a need for more efficient ways to get them to market. Thus, paved and well-maintained roads became seen as a necessary commodity for the government to provide. In addition, the advent of steam technology applied to boats increased the demand for safe and deep waterways to move goods and people to their destinations. © 2015 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

The Erie Canal 364 miles long Built mostly by Irish immigrants

Transportation The National Road tied East & West together 1830s: Railroads Surpassed all forms of transportation Year-round Encouraged westward expansion Tied regions together The last arrival of the three main modes of transportation, the railroads would start off in port towns but would ignite a building epidemic throughout the nation. Being less expensive to build and maintain than canals, they would quickly surpass them as the primary method of shipping. They would also spur internal settlements where they would stop to be refueled. Using the latest in technology, the clipper ships would transform shipping between the continents. Doubling the speed of their predecessors, these new ships were able to ship goods between ports so quickly that perishable items (like tea) could be imported before spoiling.

Transportation West, about 1840 Why were river towns important commercial centers? What was the impact of the steamboat and the flatboat on travel in the West? How did the Erie Canal transform the economy of New York and the Great Lakes region? © 2015 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

The Growth of Railroads, 1850 and 1860 What role did railroads play in the development of the nation? Why did railroads expand rapidly from 1850-1860? What were the principle east-west lines? © 2015 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

The Market Revolution Caused by rapid improvements in transportation, commercialization, and industrialization Power driven machinery now producing goods Southern cotton bankrolling industrialization Northern bankers & markets dominate the economy promoted economic nationalism

British Technology and American Industrialization The Industrial Revolution began in the British textile industry Samuel Slater slipped out of England bringing plans for a cotton-spinning factory He built a mill that followed British custom by hiring women and children New England was soon dotted with factories along its rivers

Early Textile Manufacturing The Lowell System Francis Cabot Lowell Combined spinning, dyeing & weaving under one roof Hired women (“Lowell girls”) A model community As a member of the mercantilist society of Great Britain, the American colonies were forbidden to develop manufacturing facilities. They were to only be concerned with providing the raw materials the mother country needed for their industrial base. When the American Revolution ended, the United States was well behind the curve in developing this area. What little base existed prior to Jefferson’s embargo in 1807 was well supplanted by the increase in demand for their finished goods. The Lowell system of mills involved placing under one roof the entire weaving process, powered by a nearby river. These model New England factory communities provided employees, mostly young women, with meals, a boarding house, moral discipline, and educational opportunities. Although mill work initially provided women with an opportunity for independence and education, conditions soon deteriorated as profits took precedence. The growth of massive factories required large numbers of workers, and soon after a factory was established, a city would be built around it. © 2015 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Women Factory Workers in Lowell, Massachusetts Young women from New England farms worked in the Lowell textile mills. Initially found the work a welcome change from farm routine Later conflict arose with their employers By the 1830s, mill owners cut wages, Led to strikes Replacement with Irish immigrants

“The American System of Manufactures” American Technology Interchangeable parts Mass production Increase efficiency & decrease cost

Industry and the North, 1790s–1840s Three transformations of the market revolution changed the ways people worked, lived and thought: Improvements in transportation Commercialization of business and markets Industrialization

The Growth of Industry in the 1840s What made the Lowell system unique? What were the consequences of industrial expansion in the Northeast? © 2015 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

The Growth of Cities 1820 and 1860 What were the largest cities in the United States in 1820? Why did these cities have the densest population? Why did New Orleans grow rapidly yet eventually lag behind its northeastern counterparts? Why did Chicago, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and St. Louis become major urban centers in the mid-nineteenth century? © 2015 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.