Question of the Day How does water get underground? Subunit: Water and Climate Question of the Day How does water get underground? Does your water come from a reservoir or a well? 130

Water Cycle (Hydrologic Cycle) Fueled by insolation Driven by gravity Recycling of water

What Happens After Precipitation? 1. Water Retention - stored on surface 2. Infiltration - sinks into Earth 3. Runoff - flows over surface 4. Evapotranspiration - recycled into water vapor

Groundwater Water that enters, is stored in, or moves in ground

Groundwater Layers 1. Zone of Aeration Pores (openings) between particles partly filled with capillary water & air

2. Zone of Saturation Pores totally filled with water

3. Water Table Interface between zones of aeration & saturation

Well Water

Groundwater Contamination

Groundwater Contamination

Groundwater Contamination

4. Impermeable Layer No water can infiltrate Ex.: Bedrock, clay

Factors Affecting Infiltration 1. Slope Steeper slope (gradient) = less infiltration

2. Degree of Saturation Greater saturation = less infiltration

3. Porosity Amount of space (pores) between grains Greater porosity = greater ability to hold water

Porosity % of empty space

Factors Affecting Porosity 1. Shape Rounder particles = Greater porosity Angular = Less porosity

2. Packing Well packed = Lower porosity

Porosity Which has more porosity: A or B? A. Because B has tighter packing

3. Sorting (Grouping by size, shape) Sorted (same) = Greater porosity Unsorted (mixed) = Lower porosity

Size Does not affect porosity … … if same shape, sorting, and packing of grains

A B C 1. Draw each set of particles: A,B,C 2. For each set, circle which of each pair has higher porosity A B C

Question of the Day How does water drain in NY State? Can water flow north? 131

Tributary Small stream or river that flows into a larger stream or river

Divide Region of high land that separates 2 drainage systems

Question of the Day How does water move underground? If there is no change in shape, sorting, and packing of these grains, which has higher porosity? 132

Factors Affecting Infiltration 4. Permeability How easily water passes through material Connection between pores, not just volume of pores

Permeability In Loose Material, Size Does Matter! Larger particles, larger pores = More permeable (Ex. gravel, sand) Tighter packing or cementing = Less permeable

Factors Affecting Infiltration Capillarity Attractive force between water and surrounding material

Capillary Water Stored in pores of zone of aeration Important for plants

Capillary Action - Anti-Gravity! Smaller pores = greater capillarity

Runoff occurs when … Precipitation rate > infiltration rate Ground saturated, water hasn’t evaporated Steep slope Little vegetation

Stream Discharge Volume of water flow over time (m³ / second) Time lag between peak precipitation and peak discharge

Flooding Streams/rivers overflow Precipitation rate … > infiltration rate > evapotranspiration rate Storm surge, tsunami, + high tides

Question of the Day What’s the primary factor that affects climate? Q: What’s the difference between weather and climate? 133

Climate Long-term weather conditions Main characteristics: 1. Temperature 2. Precipitation

Latitudinal Climate Zones

1. Latitude Most important factor. Affects temp. & moisture. Average temp. decreases with increasing latitude … due to angle & duration of insolation

A) Latitude & Temperature High latitudes - wide range in temp. Ex. North Pole Low latitudes - small range in temp. Ex. Equator

Fonte Boa, Brazil Nome, Alaska

Planetary wind and pressure belts B) Latitude & Moisture Low press. at 0º & 60º N/S = Wet High press. at 30º N/S & 90º N/S = Dry Planetary wind and pressure belts

Question of the Day What secondary factors affect climate? Where in the world are these cities? B A 134

Syracuse, NY: 43ºN Sydney, Australia: 33ºS

Q: Ireland has the same latitude as northern Canada Q: Ireland has the same latitude as northern Canada. How can they have palm trees???

2. Large Bodies of Water Moderating effect on temperatures - “Oceans = Opposite” Coastal environments - warmer winter, cooler summer

3. Prevailing Winds U.S. - Prevailing S.W. Winds West Coast - Marine Climate East Coast - Continental Climate

Lake Effect Storms Prevailing S.W. bring moisture from Lake Erie to Western NYS

4. Ocean Currents Warm or cool coasts Ex. Ireland has palm trees!

ESRT p, 5

ESRT p, 5

This graph shows avg. monthly temp. for cities A & B This graph shows avg. monthly temp. for cities A & B. Both are located at 41º N latitude.

5. Elevation Higher elev. = Lower temp. Rising air cools & expands Higher elev. = More precipitation Air temp. closer to dewpoint

6. Mountains Orographic Effect Barriers to air masses cause: Orographic Effect Moist climate windward side Warm, dry climate leeward side http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/kilimanjaro/weather.html

Rainshadows and Deserts

7. Vegetation Deforestation - less conversion of insolation through transpiration → higher temp., lower humidity Desertification → higher temp. Urbanization → higher temp.

8. Cloud Cover Cloudier = cooler; insolation reflected

Question of the Day What is a water budget? What’s the difference between a deficit and a surplus? 136

Local Water Budget Mathematical model of water cycle for a region Shows income, outgo and storage Helps identify: Best time to irrigate When flood potential is highest Type of climate: Humid vs. Dry

Budget based on difference between: 1. Precipitation (P) Moisture source 2. Potential Evapotranspiration (Ep or PE) Max. amt. that could evapotranspire

Which city is the most humid? A C B D

Which city is the most arid?

Surplus ● Water supply > Water demand ● Soil moisture storage is full

Usage ● Water taken from storage

Deficit ● Water supply < Water demand ● Soil moisture storage is 0

Recharge ● Water added to storage til saturation

Climate Ratio P Ep 1) Phoenix, AZ P = 191; Ep = 1157 P / Ep = 191 / 1157 = 0.17 Climate: ARID 2) New Orleans, LA P = 1543; Ep = 1118 P / Ep = 1543 / 1118 = 1.4 Climate: Humid