Engineering History Continued

Who were the first engineers? What were the first engineering designs? We will discuss… When did engineering begin? Who were the first engineers? What were the first engineering designs?

will help you complete your assignment. Pay attention… this presentation will help you complete your assignment. Your assignment will be to answer the following questions: 1. What is an Engineer? 2. Describe what you think might have been the greatest invention of all time (not including the last two hundred years). 3. Describe an instance when you have invented anything or found a solution that has been useful to others.

The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C. in Asia Minor http://www.grifterrec.com/coins/maps/m_asiaminor.gif

The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C. Change from nomadic life (hunter/gatherers) They were becoming less nomadic and more what? http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kalina_hunter_gatherer.jpg/757px-Kalina_hunter_gatherer.jpg

The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C. The Agrarian Society (agriculture) forms the basis of civilization cultivate plants - the need for increased food production domesticate animals - for food and work build permanent houses in community group http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/d/d_06/d_06_s/d_06_s_mou/d_06_s_mou.html

The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C. Increased food production meant that there was time to engage in other activities such as: Government: A Ruler makes laws that stabilize community life land ownership

The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C. The results of Government: organize work force beginnings of a class society supervisors foremen workers - artisans http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14101/14101-h/images/p4_lesson3.gif

The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C. Early Achievements in this Era People discovered methods of producing fire at will http://www.sevamay.com/fire/ch17.htm

The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C. Early Achievements in this Era Stone Age 600,000-5000 B.C. People discovered how to use rocks as tools. http://www.ulstermuseum.org.uk/filestore/images/collectionsarch/stoneage_reconst_rec300web.jpg

The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C. Early Achievements in this Era Copper Age 5000-3000 B.C. People learn how to shape soft metals into tools. http://www.museumofman.org/html/exhibits_copper_age.html

The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C. Early Achievements in this Era Bronze Age 3000-2000 B.C. Mixing different kinds of metals could make better tools. http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/b/b6/300px-Bronze_age_weapons_Romania.jpg

The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C. Early Achievements in this Era Development of a system of symbols for written communications http://www.jhu.edu/neareast/uem/page3.html

The Beginning of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C. Major Engineering Projects or Inventions Irrigation systems to promote crop growth http://www.payvand.com/news/04/dec/ancient-dam-iran.jpg

The Beginning of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C. Major Engineering Projects or Inventions Animal, water, and wind driven machines. http://www.ourbc.com/travel_bc/bc_cities/thompson_okanagan/photos/keremeos/grist_mill_01_640.jpg http://www.museums4schools.net/oxen_breaking.jpg http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/24700/24788/dutch_windmi_24788_md.gif

The Beginning of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C. Major Engineering Projects or Inventions The wheel and axle Plow Yoke http://www.kismeta.com/diGrasse/images/wheel.jpg http://www.connerprairie.org/HistoryOnline/images/yoke.jpg

The Beginning of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C. Mesopotamia “cradle of civilization” Clay tile material used for permanent documentation Clay tablets unearthed which show: maps of caravan routes including mountains, cities and water city plans irrigation systems water supply systems

Mesopotamia

Engineering in Early Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C. Babylonian engineers: Among the first scientific engineers Familiar with basic math Could figure out areas and volumes of land excavations Buildings were constructed using basic engineering principles still used today http://www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us/History/MidEast/03/barry/barrywall.jpg

Engineering in Early Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C. Babylonian engineers: Primitive arches used in moving water (origin of hydraulics) Bridges were built with stone piers carrying wooden stringers http://www.truthnet.org/Daniel/Chapter5/

Engineering in Early Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C. Babylonian engineers: Roads were surfaced with a naturally occurring asphalt, a construction system not used again until the nineteenth century The first recorded use of asphalt (bitumen) as a road building material was in Babylon around 625 B.C., in the reign of King Naboppolassar.  http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/Exhibitions/Valentin/Jpeg/full171387.jpg http://www.hotmix.org/history.php

Map of Babylon

Gardens of Babylon

Engineering in Early Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C. Egyptian Engineers Pyramid Age - 2900 B.C and lasts 1000 years 2,300,000 building stones (2.5 tons each) used to build the Great Pyramid of Cheops, aka Khufu Outstanding examples of engineering skills in land measurement and building layout Irrigation systems www.greatbuildings.com

Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D. Engineering in Greece: Had its origin in Egypt Better known for the intensive development of borrowed ideas than for creativity and invention Famous for outstanding philosophers: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle (physical scientist) and Archimedes (mathematics)

Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D. Engineering in Greece: Use of ideas was slowed since the belief that verification and experimentation, which required manual labor, were only fit for slaves. http://www.ecusd7.org/ehs/ehsstaff/dvoegele/work.jpg

Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D. Engineering in Greece: Even so, greeks were able to come up with a few useful ideas: Archimedes water screw Crossbow Catapult

Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D. Roman Engineering Liberally borrowed scientific and engineering knowledge from the countries they conquered for use in warfare and in their public works Superior in the application of ideas and techniques

Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D. Roman Engineering Roman road systems - subbase, compact base, topcoat 180,000 miles http://www3.shropshire-cc.gov.uk/roots/images/tra_f11a.jpg

Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D. Roman Engineering Aqueducts for Water supply Sanitary systems Engineering principles  applied to military tactics http://www.legionsix.org/contact1.jpg

Engineering in the Middle Ages: 1st to 16th Centuries Collapse of the Roman Empire 4th and 5th centuries A.D. was known as the Dark Ages, but was it? The word engineer began to appear. Its root lies in the Latin word ingeniare, “to design or devise” Animals and waterwheels began to replace humans as the power source Saudi Arabians were developing paper making, chemistry and optics Chinese were developing clocks, astronomical instruments, the loom and spinning wheel, and gunpowder

Engineering in the Middle Ages: 1st to 16th Centuries Johann Gutenburg – (printing press) produced the first books printed on paper Leonardo da Vinci - acclaimed as a great artist, was also an engineer, inventor and architect Military and civil engineering feats such as catapults bridges and buildings Sketches of future engineering devices such as: Machine Gun Helicopter Drawbridge Breach-loading Cannon Tanks

The Revival of Science: 17th and 18th Centuries Galileo Discovers: Gravitational acceleration- velocity a body achieves while falling, is independent of weight Earth moves around the sun Boyle Discovers: expansion quality of air and the correlation between temperature, volume, and pressure

The Revival of Science: 17th and 18th Centuries Hooke Discovers: a material lengthens in proportion to the force exerted on it Newton who is famous for his three basic laws of motion developed differential calculus, essential to mathematical analysis of most physical systems

20th Century Technology Andre-Marie Ampere confirms the flow of electrical current, leading to the science of electrodynamics Michael Faraday found the means to generate electricity by moving a conductor through a magnetic Henry Ford - Builds and sells automobiles and mass production emerges Thomas Edison and Lee DeForest develop electrical equipment for power systems and communication networks Nikola Tesla introduces the first practical application of alternating current (Tesla Car!) Orville & Wilbur Wright invented the airplane

20th Century Technology Texas Instruments and Fairchild Semiconductor discovers circuit boards. John Brainerd , at the University of Pennsylvania’s Moore School of Engineering develop the first computer called the “ENIAC”. It weighted over 30 tons and occupied over 1500 square feet. Pratt & Whitney develop turbojet engines Boeing Airplane Company develop the Boeing 707 capable of transporting 180 passengers at speeds of 600 mph Theodore Maiman produces the first working laser which is now used by surgeons, to transmit telephone calls, track storms, to checkout in supermarkets, to weld steel, to cut fabric and to produce holograms

And the list goes ON AND ON AND 20th Century Technology Communication Satellites - now handle more than half of all transoceanic telephone, television and audio network program distribution And the list goes ON AND ON AND