Figure 2 Pain intensity over 8 hours Figure 2 Pain intensity over 8 hours. The mean pain intensity for each group at each evaluation (±standard error of the mean [SEM]) is shown. The dependent variable is the position on the visual analog scale (VAS) in millimeters; the independent variable is the time of evaluation. From: A Single-Center, Randomized, Double-Blind, Active, and Placebo-Controlled Study of KAI-1678, a Novel PKC-Epsilon Inhibitor, in the Treatment of Acute Postoperative Orthopedic Pain Pain Med. 2013;14(6):916-924. doi:10.1111/pme.12088 Pain Med | © 2013 American Academy of Pain Medicine 1