External Security: Foreign and Defense Policy Historical background (1969-1991) 1969 Hague Summit: Establishment of European Political Cooperation (EPC) Consensual decision-making Ostpolitik Euro-Arab Dialogue Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan Imposition of martial law in Poland Genscher-Colombo proposals –end distinction between EPC and EC Single European Act incorporated the EPC. German unification

External Security: Foreign and Defense Policy Maastricht Treaty Common Foreign and Security Policy becomes an intergovernmental pillar of EU Policy instruments Common positions Joint actions (QMV for implementation) Compromise between Europeanists and Atlanticists Eventual framing of a common defense policy WEU to implement EU decisions and actions which have defense implications. Development of WEU will strengthen the European pillar of Atlantic alliance

External Security: Foreign and Defense Policy Ongoing developments and differences Iraq invasion of Kuwait Divergence among member states about use of force Britain, Spain, Germany, France, Ireland War in Yugoslavia ‘This is the hour of Europe’ Differences among member states Germany and Croatia Greece and Macedonia Reticence about use of force 1993 UN-EC Peace Plan –not accepted by parties 1995 NATO bombardment –Dayton Agreement

External Security: Foreign and Defense Policy Implementing CFSP 1994 European Stability Pact Reconstruction and reconciliation in Mostar Consensus principle dominates. Lack of leadership 1994 Greek presidency Amsterdam Treaty New decision-making rules Constructive abstention Emergency break High Representative Inclusion of WEU Petersberg Tasks Divide between Europeanists and Atlanticists narrower

External Security: Foreign and Defense Policy Implementing CFSP after Amsterdam Examples of activities European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP) Br-Fr Summit Kosovo crisis –NATO campaign 1999 European Council – EU must have capacity for autonomous action on Petersberg tasks Helsinki Headline goal 2001 decision to develop resources for civilian crisis management EU merges with WEU (2002)

External Security: Foreign and Defense Policy Divisions over 2003 war in Iraq Britain, Denmark, Italy, Portugal, Spain France, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg Candidate countries –French criticism ESDP operations Berlin-Plus arrangements 24 Operations (7 military, 1 mixed) in Balkans, Africa, Middle East, Georgia, Indonesia. 2003 European Security Strategy –differences with United States

Lisbon Treaty Common Security and Defense Policy Obligation of aid and assistance if a member state is the subject of a terrorist attack or the victim of a natural or man-made disaster High Representative for the Union in Foreign Affairs and Security Policy –also vice President of Commission Catherine Ashton External Action Service Single Legal Personality