Claims and Propositions Chapter 4 Amnah AlQassim 201103061 Shareena AlBarrak 201202345 Aysha Alkaabi 201200572 Budor Alnaeem 201201539

Outline The nature of claims and propsition Forulating a propsition Classifiction of claims Conclusion

The nature of claims and proposition Propositions: “The main claims that serve as principal claim of an extended argument”. Propositional Arenas: “ The ground for dispute and includes all the issues for controversy within a given proposition”.

Using Claims and Propositions: What issue must be argued? Networks of Claims: - Long essays. - Speeches. - Extended discussions. Lengthy conversations.

Fields, propositions and Claims Journalistic circles. Legal Cases. Medicine.

Formulating a Proposition In an argument people expect more. Arguments are made for specific purposes. Arguers need to formulate their purposes.

Controversiality All claims should be controversial. If there is an issue the arguer has two responsibilities: Provide the recipient with sufficient and enough information. Provide the recipient with sufficient depth of the issue.

Clarity: When people start an argue… Unclear proposition leads to muddled argument. People need to know where they are starting in order for them to know when they’re finished.

Double-Barreled statements: Double-Barreled statements is the second source of confusion and lack of clarity. It claims advanced two or more claims simultaneously. With ambiguous terms it leads into two different directions. Balance: A productive and fair discussion of an issue is When a topic is clearly and specifically stated

Challenge: One of the characteristics of an argument… A challenge is: an arguer’s claim confronts recipients existing values, beliefs or behaviors. A proposition of an argue should challenge what people already believe or do.

Value claims Definition: Value claims assess the worth or merit of an idea, object, or practice according to criteria supplied by the arguer. Values are fundamental positive or negative attitudes toward certain end states of existence or broad modes of conduct. Values claims focus on the values held by the participants in a dispute. Values govern our choices and indicate what we ought to do. In each of these claims, a value judgment is made. The first deals with social benefit, the second with quality, and the third with aesthetic merit. The claims also involve an object of evaluation that may be an idea, practice, a person, or a thing.

2. Policy claims Policy claims call for a specific course of action and focus on whether a change in policy or behavior should take place. An example of policy claims: You should not smoke cigarettes in public places. The claims focus on action or policies. They frequently deal with complex social and economic problems .

3. Interconnection of claims Claims have been divided into three types, and they all interconnected. Face claims has been as the foundation for value and policy claims. All three types of claims, are linked together: Fact claims supporting value claims, value claims supporting policy claims, and policy claims assuming facts and values. Between each classification (fact, value, policy) There is a "gray zone".

Expression of claims Explicit claims is are started clearly and publicly such that both the arguer and the recipient are equally aware of their meaning. An Example of expression of claims: School should expel students who bring any weapon to school event toy weapon. The united states should pass an amendment to eliminate the electoral collage.

Emergence of claims Emergence of claims : claims and Propositions that develop within an exchange among advocate, they are not agreed to in advance. An Example of emergence of claims: John doe is guilty of murder The broadcast decency act in unconstitutional An appeal should be granted because the evidence tainted

Conclusion Claims and proposition serve important argument functions. They focus arguers attention on purpose of the argument and imply the issues that need to be decided before a dispute can be resolved whether they are in the form of conversation, discussion, speeches, or essay, include network of claims that combine to support a propositions or main claims. If the arguer attempts to influence someone, he or she must make a claim that would change what would they do.

Any Questions ? Thank you.