Politics and the State in the Renaissance (1450-1521) McKay 441-446

Agenda Renaissance Quest Tuesday Begin “New Monarchs” Homework Read Chapter 14 (453-458)

Roots of the New Monarchs End of the 100 Years War King John Signs Magna Carta Fall of Rome Black Death Begins No Central Authority Noble Power begins to weaken Feudalism Begins 476 793 1215 1300 1453 Viking Invasions Begin Birth of Parliament under Edward I

New Monarchies Characteristics term generally associated with Louis XI, Henry VII, and Ferdinand/Isabella (Renaissance Rulers) Began to centralize power & rule in modern sense Suppressed feudalism & nobility Curtailed power of Catholic Church Stressed heredity rule Favored by Bourgeoisie (town people) Create professional armies Levied taxes Pay for large armies Kept order (commerce) Encourage industry Encourage humanism Magna Charta

France Black Death and 100 Years war devastating Depopulation, economic disruption, devastated agriculture Charles VII (1422-1461) Physically frail, emotionally insecure (father was insane, mother promiscuous) expelled English in 1453 Except Calais Reorganized royal council Gave more power to middle class Lawyers, bankers became chief advisers Began standing army Established regular companies of cavalry, archers (paid by king) Controlled taxes Gabelle (salt tax) and Taille (land tax) Helped pay for large army

France Louis XI (1461-1483) Son of Charles VII Spider King Had led rebellions against his father and even allied with his father’s arch enemies Known for his treacherous (machiavellian) character of spinning webs of plots and conspiracies Used standing army to control nobles Took control of Anjou, Bar, Maine, Provence Promoted economic growth Restored old Roman roads Encouraged Trade fairs Silk weaving Welcomed foreign craftsmen Traded with England, Hanseatic league Interested in science, Louis XI once pardoned a man sentenced to death on condition that he serve as a guinea pig in a gallstone operation.

France King Francis I King Francis I Concordat of Bologna (1516) Rescinded Pragmatic Sanction Had denied Pope revenue Pope receives annates ($ from French clergymen) But Louis gets to appoint bishops and abbots IE. King still controls Catholic Church in France France remains Catholic during Reformation Leonardo died in his arms

England King Henry IV dominated by nobles Fur collar crime rampant Parliament controlled by feudal lords (blocked consolidation) War of the Roses (1455-1471) Civil War between noble families Yorkists and the Lancastrians Trade, commerce, agriculture, industry all suffered due to chronic disorder Tudors (of York) emerge victorious after War of Roses Had slowed trade, agriculture, industry Lancaster York

England Henry VII (1485-1509) Passed laws against livery and maintenance Weakened Barons Lords prevented from maintaining private armies and wearing livery (family insignia) Used diplomacy to avoid war Eliminated the power of Parliament $$$ Married son Arthur to Catherine of Aragon Created alliance with Spain Royal council 12-15 (mostly middle class) used as executive advisers Passed laws favoring upper middle class Trade, money interests

England Star Chamber King’s private council/ trial No jury present Ignore parliament Decided property disputes, disturbances of peace Way of weakening/ killing unruly nobles Most nobles accepted because it kept order Had no standing army But Utilized justices of the peace to police local towns Encouraged wool exports Diplomacy Crushed Irish invasion Married Margaret (daughter) to Scottish king

Spain Aragon and Castile Ferdinand and Isabella united Spain through marriage Ferdinand was not ultra religious But wanted to appear moral and anti-herectical True unifying force was Catholicism Crusade against Moors Inquisition served as unifying legal force Catholicism viewed as Spanishness Reconquesta- Jews and Moors expelled in 1492 Moriscos (Muslim converts) Marranos (Jewish converts) viewed as “unfaithful” and heretics Inquisition tortured thousands Ferdinand received papal permission If it became unpopular he could blame the Pope Hermandades- “brotherhoods” Local police & judges brutally suppressed crime Spain emerged as “defender of the faith” Exported Catholicism to New World Crusade mentality permeates society

Rise of Hapsburgs Maximilian I (1493-1519) married heiress of Burgundy and Netherlands Their Son Philip married Joanna of Spain (heiress to Ferdinand and Isabella) Their son Charles inherited Austria, Netherlands, Burgundy, Spain, New World Elected HRE in 1519 as Charles V Most powerful ruler (on paper)

Holy Roman Empire’s New Monarchy Not a “New Monarchy” Never able to centralize control over vast territory Holy Roman Empire comprised of 4 States Princely States- hereditary dynasties (Brandenburg) Ecclesiastical- Abbacies (owned vast amounts of territory) Imperial Free Cities- (about 50) bourgeoisie dominated Imperial Knights-lords of small estates (loyal to HRE) A polyglot empire Multiple languages and cultures Emperor Elected by 7 Princes who held special title of Electors Charles V “I speak Spanish to God, Italian to women, French to my men, and German to my horse.”

Stage is Set for Revolution Image of Church greatly diminished Few reform-minded leaders in Church Monarchs are centralizing power Fear of Universal Monarchy ushers in new allies