Taiwan Experience regarding MTBE Use Taiwan MTBE Clean Fuels Workshop 2005 7 July, 2005 Tzeng, Jenn-Nan Lin, Kuen-Hai Refinery and Manufacturing Research Institute Chinese Petroleum Corporation

Outline Taiwan EPA unleaded gasoline Policy Taiwan MTBE Clean Fuels Workshop 2005 Outline Taiwan EPA unleaded gasoline Policy The Amount of MTBE use in Taiwan MTBE risk assessment in Taiwan MTBE alternative study in Taiwan Ethanol vs. MTBE Future trend about MTBE Conclusion

Vehicle Population Increasing Sharply Taiwan MTBE Clean Fuels Workshop 2005 Vehicle Population Increasing Sharply Vehicle population increases 50% during 1995-2005 19M 13M Data source: Ministry of Transportation & Communications, ROC, May 2005.

Taiwan EPA unleaded gasoline Policy Taiwan MTBE Clean Fuels Workshop 2005 Taiwan EPA unleaded gasoline Policy EPA pushed the lead phase-down policy to reduce the lead concentration in the air from 1983 and CPC started to supply 82RON unleaded gasoline for 2T Motorcycle. In 1990, EPA requested CPC to supply unleaded gasoline for new passenger car(new vehicle emission standard). Lead additive(TEL) is phase-out from gasoline completely in Taiwan in 2000. CPC provided substitute additives to serve customers with old model cars. Data source: www.epa.gov.tw

TEL phase-out from gasoline in Taiwan Taiwan MTBE Clean Fuels Workshop 2005 TEL phase-out from gasoline in Taiwan Leaded gasoline was banned from 2000. Data source: www.epa.gov.tw and CPC

CPC’s UL gasoline Time Schedule Taiwan MTBE Clean Fuels Workshop 2005 CPC’s UL gasoline Time Schedule #82ULG for 2T M #92ULG #95 ULG #98 ULG Gasoline Lead, g/L 0.2 0.15 0.12 0.08 0.026 1984 1986 1990 1993 1997 1999 Leaded gasoline is banned 2000

MTBE & other Oxygenates Taiwan MTBE Clean Fuels Workshop 2005 MTBE & other Oxygenates Item MTBE ETBE TAME DIPE Ethanol IPA TBA Oxygen,wt% 18.2 15.7 34.7 26.6 21.6 Density ,g/cm3 0.744 0.75 0.77 0.733 0.79 RON 118 105 110 130 121 109 MON 101 102 99 96 93 RVP, psi 8 1.5 4.7 2.5 1.3 Blend RVP ,psi 7.3-10 2.9-5 5.2 17.6 10-14.7 LHV ,Btu/Lb 15100 15690 16393 11550 13300 14280 ELH,Btu/Lb 144 148 396 320 258 BP,℃ 55 72 86 68 78 82 83 Water solubility ,g/100g H2O 4.8 1.2 miscible

MTBE’s benefits to replace TEL Taiwan MTBE Clean Fuels Workshop 2005 MTBE’s benefits to replace TEL Benefits: Good Octane booster to replace Lead compound TEL. Contains oxygen and none of Sulfur, Aromatics and Olefins. Low cost in production, easy blending with other gasoline components and without special transport and storage requirements. MTBE has become the main alternative for TEL since 1990.

The production of MTBE in Taiwan Taiwan MTBE Clean Fuels Workshop 2005 The production of MTBE in Taiwan MTBE factory in Taiwan: Tasco Chemical Corporation, 250K ton/year Formosa Plastics Corporation, 153 K ton/year Formosa Petrochemical Corporation 180K ton/year MTBE is used to be blended into gasoline. Data source: PetroChemical industry 2003 yearbook(Taiwan, ROC)

The Amount of MTBE use in Taiwan Taiwan MTBE Clean Fuels Workshop 2005 The Amount of MTBE use in Taiwan Data source: PetroChemical industry 2003 yearbook(Taiwan, ROC)

Blending Amount of MTBE in gasoline Taiwan MTBE Clean Fuels Workshop 2005 Blending Amount of MTBE in gasoline Remark:1.KOR, TOR, DOR are belong to CPC and FPC is abbr. of Formosa PetroChemical Corporation.

MTBE risk assessment in Taiwan Taiwan MTBE Clean Fuels Workshop 2005 MTBE risk assessment in Taiwan EPA finished the research project in 2003. The project’s research items including: To analyze and survey the releasing concentrations of MTBE in gasoline station. To establish the risk assessment of the ingestion and inhalation of MTBE of the inhabitants. To understand the assessments and preparation work of MTBE from foreign country before the regulation and the consideration of decision making. Data source: ROC EPA research project, EPA-92-J103-02-206

MTBE risk assessment in Taiwan Taiwan MTBE Clean Fuels Workshop 2005 MTBE risk assessment in Taiwan The project’s main conclusions: Ingestion of MTBE risk on drinking water near the sampling point is in the allowable range. Inhalation of MTBE risk on breathing air for people living nearby or refueling does also not exceed than the allowable range. EU and Japan do not ban the MTBE use. EU will enhance the management of storage tank. Data source: ROC EPA research project, EPA-92-J103-02-206

MTBE alternative study in Taiwan Taiwan MTBE Clean Fuels Workshop 2005 MTBE alternative study in Taiwan Legislative Yuan required EPA to review the use of MTBE in 2000. BOE, MOEA finished the research project in 2001. The main conclusions are: Ethanol is the most possible alternative for MTBE. Ethanol cost is still high . The gasoline price will surge up if ethanol is blended into gasoline and the MTBE plants will face to a lot of economic loss. The cost to enhance the management and remedy of storage tank is much less. Data source: Research project from Bureau of Energy, MOEA, ROC, No. 0027 in 2001.

Ethanol vs. MTBE Ethanol advantages: High RON Taiwan MTBE Clean Fuels Workshop 2005 Ethanol vs. MTBE Ethanol advantages: High RON None of Aromatics, Sulfur and Olefins. High Oxygen content. Ethanol gasoline emits less CO and total toxics than conventional gasoline. Can be produced from biomass, such as sugar cane, corn, cellulose, woody plant, etc.

Ethanol vs. MTBE Ethanol disadvantages: Taiwan MTBE Clean Fuels Workshop 2005 Ethanol vs. MTBE Ethanol disadvantages: Blending RVP will be increased( max. 1 psi)  higher VOC emission. Lower energy content than gasoline, higher evaporation latent heat  fuel consumption is worse. Existing phase separation and water absorption problem. Can only be blended into gasoline in terminal tank.  increase the production and transportation cost. Ethanol cost still high.(Importing required)

Future trend about MTBE Taiwan MTBE Clean Fuels Workshop 2005 Future trend about MTBE The gasoline regulations for 2007: Required maximum Oxygen content increased to 2.7 wt.%.(current is 2 wt.%) Lower Aromatics and Olefins content.(36 and 18 vol.% respectively) MTBE will still play an important role in the near future. CPC will continue to watch global trends for MTBE and study the alternatives for MTBE.

Taiwan MTBE Clean Fuels Workshop 2005 Conclusions EPA’s cleaner air policy facilitated the use of unleaded gasoline and the MTBE. The future gasoline regulation will still require the use of MTBE to meet high octane, low aromatics and olefins spec. The risk assessment result of MTBE from Taiwan EPA is in the allowable range. Ethanol as the alternative to MTBE is still facing some problems.

Lead concentration trend Taiwan MTBE Clean Fuels Workshop 2005 Lead concentration trend Lead in gasoline (g/L)

Ethanol blending RVP RVP, kPa Ethanol blending amount, vol.% Taiwan MTBE Clean Fuels Workshop 2005 Ethanol blending RVP RVP, kPa Ethanol blending amount, vol.%