Adoption of agricultural technologies Agrarian Structure, Adoption of Technologies and Agricultural Productivity in Eastern India Anjani Kumar, K M Singh, M K Sinha, Usha Rani Ahuja, Rajni Jain and P Shinoj

Outline Agrarian structure Evidence on adoption of technologies Adoption and Productivity Factors affecting adoption Theoretical framework Some evidence Conclusions and policy implications

Agrarian structure-macro trends

Increasing predominance of smallholders

Agrarian structure: Evidence from field

Fragmentation of holdings

Share of leased-in land in the operational holding (%) Incidence of tenancy   Share of leased-in land in the operational holding (%)  State Labour Small Medium Large All Bihar 55.9 7.2 0.3 0.0 2.1 Jharkhand 40.4 7.5 3.7 3.8 Odisha 80.2 11.6 5.6 5.5 11.1 Eastern States 65.1 9.0 3.5 6.1

Share of leased-out land in the operational holding (%) Incidence of tenancy   Share of leased-out land in the operational holding (%)  State Labour Small Medium Large All Bihar 0.0 8.2 14.7 28.1 22.3 Jharkhand 10.4 1.7 2.1 2.9 Odisha 4.7 12.3 22.7 16.4 Eastern States 3.0 4.9 10.3 19.0 14.5

% of households leasing-in land Incidence of tenancy   % of households leasing-in land  State Labour Small Medium Large All Bihar 20.0 12.5 2.5 0.0 8.8 Jharkhand 10.0 9.4 Odisha 27.5 15.0 17.5 18.8 Eastern States 13.3 5.8 12.3

% of households leasing –out land Incidence of tenancy   % of households leasing –out land State Labour Small Medium Large All Bihar 0.0 25.0 32.5 40.0 24.4 Jharkhand 12.5 10.0 7.5 15.0 11.3 Odisha 30.0 13.1 Eastern States 4.2 14.2 18.3 28.3 16.3

Adoption of agricultural technologies Area under HYVs of cereals as percent of total area under cereals Period Bihar Orissa West Bengal Eastern Region India TE 1972-73 22.3 5.7 18.3 16.6 19.1 TE 1982-83 55.0 29.0 37.7 41.6 44.8 TE 1993-94 57.9 55.1 59.6 57.7 63.8 TE 2006-07 54.8 62.8 89.4 69.8 NA Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, various years.

Fertilizer use per ha of NSA in Eastern India   (kg NPK) Period Bihar Odisha West Bengal Eastern Region India TE 1973-74 10.2 7.1 26.2 9.5 TE 1982-83 26.6 13.6 48.4 28.8 42.5 TE 1992-93 79.6 31.2 140.0 80.5 87.8 TE 2006-07 141.8 67.0 242.2 147.5 142.7

Share of irrigated area in total area under cultivation in Eastern India   (%) Period Bihar Orissa West Bengal Eastern Region India TE 1962 63 24.3 16.6 26.3 22.6 18.6 TE 1972-73 27.5 18.0 TE 1982-83 35.5 20.0 28.2 28.6 28.0 TE 1993-94 44.5 31.3 35.8 37.8 34.3 TE 2006-07 56.1 32.2 59.2 48.8 42.4

Share of HYVs in cropped area (%) State Labour Small Medium Large All Bihar 97.9 89.6 86.2 89.5 89.0   Jharkhand 39.4 45.7 46.6 48.1 46.7 Odisha 58.4 75.2 69.3 73.9 72.0 Eastern States 63.1 75.5 74.4 79.7 77.2 Paddy 99.9 95.6 94.0 94.9 42.0 42.8 48.3 51.5 48.5 81.6 87.1 85.6 92.9 89.4 72.6 79.2 82.2 85.5 83.2 Wheat 100.0 94.2 98.6 97.7 0.0 54.1 66.7 24.8 44.7 99.4 95.8 94.1 98.3 97.2 Maize 98.5 40.1 65.4 47.3 68.8 60.7 67.7 68.3 83.1 73.5

% households using different inputs State Fertilizer Organic material Insecticide/pesticide Irrigation Machinary Bihar 100.0 0.8 26.6 Jharkhand 81.2 24.1 5.7 30.3 Odisha 93.8 56.8 22.8 17.0 62.7 Eastern States 91.5 26.9 18.1 49.1 61.6

Adoption and productivity   Extent of adoption of HYVs  (kg/ha) Crop State <30 % 30 to 60 % > 60 % All Paddy Bihar 28.2 30.4 38.1 37.7   Jharkhand 15.5 18.5 28.1 24.4 Odisha 21.5 31.3 30.6 Eastern States 20.3 22.9 34.3 32.3 Maize 0.0 12.4 26.3 27.7 14.4 22.2 27.1 22.1 5.7 20.7 20.6 19.3 Wheat 23.6 12.6 28.0 20.2 17.8 19.1 22.8 27.9

Adoption analysis Characteristics of technologies Yield enhancing Risk reducing Improving quality Reducing cost of production Reducing externalities Factors for adoption of technologies Input and output markets Land markets Labour market Insurance/means for risk reduction Credit markets Efficiency in flow of information Externalities

Adoption analysis Constraints in access to technologies Constraints in adoption of technologies Impact of adoption of technologies Productivity Income Poverty Food security Nutrition security Equity (class/region)

Analysis for determinants of adoption Farmer characteristics Farm assets/resources Institutional factors Extension Bio-physical factors Farmers’ behaviour

Analysis for adoption Models For impact of adoption Probit/logit Tobit Double-hurdle model For impact of adoption Partial equilibrium models Randomized control treatment Propensity Score Matching Difference in difference models

Thank you