Cylinders and Tubes used as Buffers in the Filling Stations 6/24/2018 Cylinders and Tubes used as Buffers in the Filling Stations ICHS, Yokohama (Japan) l October 21st ,2015 Hervé BARTHELEMY, Ph.D. - Air Liquide Alberto AGNOLETTI - Faber

Hydrogen at Air Liquide Air Liquide is present worldwide on all segments of Hydrogen Energy supply chain H2 Production H2 Supply chain Markets Safety/Standards/Regulations Innovative gas storage & Packaging 350-700 bar charging stations for mobility > 1000 trailers SMR, Electrolysis purification, liquefaction AL is very active in H2 energy field for more than 15 years. AL adress early markets such as power supply to remote area that are off the power grid. AL Provides H2 + fuel cell techno with Axane. AL develop fuelling stations for vehicles & forklift. Cryogenic tank Pipelines About 200 plants >9 B Nm3/yr > 1800 km Hundred of thousands of 200 bar cylinders Fuel cells for alternative power supply

Summary Introduction Tests performed on cylinders Test results 6/24/2018 Summary Introduction Tests performed on cylinders Test results Analysis of the results Conclusion

Buffers: key components for hydrogen filling stations 6/24/2018 Introduction Buffers: key components for hydrogen filling stations No international standards whereas many standards exist covering Types 1,2,3 & 4 used for transport of gas or on-board fuel tanks Pressure level Cost Space available Type of cylinders to be used

6/24/2018 Introduction Suggestion : To use the cylinders approved for transport of gas or on-board applications as buffers Transportable or on-board cylinders ≠ Buffers Cycled from a low pressure to a high pressure during service Cycled from relatively high pressure to the MAWP many times per day To request to pass millions of cycles at low pressure amplitude when developing a standard IMPRACTICAL

Tests performed on cylinders 6/24/2018 Tests performed on cylinders Aim: To identify the relation between pressure cycle amplitude and number of cycles to failure for different cylinder designs Type 1 cylinder designed to ISO 9809-1 Type 2 cylinder designed to ISO 11119-1 Type 3 cylinder designed to ISO 11119-2

Tests performed on cylinders 6/24/2018 Tests performed on cylinders Methodology: for each cylinder design: 3 groups of 5 cylinders are taken from one batch and are pressure cycled at different pressure amplitude: 5 cylinders are pressure cycled from 20 to 450 bars 5 cylinders are pressure cycled from 20 to 390 bars 5 cylinders are pressure cycled from 20 to 300 bars 5 cylinders are pressure cycled from 150 to 300 bars A total of 60 cylinders were pressure cycled.

6/24/2018 Test results Type 1 cylinders

6/24/2018 Test results Type 2 cylinders

6/24/2018 Test results Type 3 cylinders

Analysis of the results 6/24/2018 Analysis of the results Comparison to the theoretical formula given in ISO/CD 19884 Number of cycles Pressure amplitude (1 = average of number of cycles at pressure amplitude of 150 bar) Number of cycles Pressure amplitude (bar)

Analysis of the results 6/24/2018 Analysis of the results Last version of ISO/CD/19884 prepared by ISO/TC 197/WG 15 proposes: number of shallow cycles equivalent to number of full cycles required in a given standard variation of pressure during a given actual (shallow) pressure cycle number of (shallow) pressure cycle corresponding to ΔPi pressure amplitude during the (full) cycle tests as specified in the reference standard For pressure vessels to ISO 11120, the number of full cycles shall be taken as 120000 cycles at Ph

6/24/2018 Conclusion Aim of the tests: To identify the relation between Pressure cycle amplitude and Number of cycles to failure for different cylinder designs Test have been performed on Type 1, Type 2 and Type 3 cylinders 60 cylinders tested From 20 to 450 bars, from 20 to 390 bars, from 20 to 300 bars and from 150 to 300 bars Conclusion: Confirmation of the validity of the formula used in ISO/CD 19884 for the shallow and deep cycles:

Thank you for your attention 6/24/2018 End of presentation Thank you for your attention