Chapter 1 Chemistry Is a Physical Science Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1 Page 1

Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1 The Study of The Composition, Structure, and Properties of Mater and the Changes it Undergoes. Branches Organic Chemistry – Study of Carbon Containing Compounds Inorganic Chemistry – Study of All Substances Not Classified As Organic Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1 Page 2

Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1 Branches (Continued): Physical Chemistry – The Study of the Properties and Changes of Matter and Their Relation to Energy Analytical Chemistry – Identification of the Components and Composition of Materials Biochemistry – The Study of Substances and Processes Occurring in Living Things Theoretical Chemistry – The Use of Mathematics to Understand the Principles behind Observed Chemical Behavior Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1 Page 3

Types of Chemical Research Basic Research – A Fundamental Study of How and Why a Specific Reaction Occurs and What The Properties of a Substance Are. Applied Research – Applied Research is Carried out to solve a Problem. Technological Development – Uses Basic and Applied Research Results to Develop New Products Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1 Page 4

Matter and Its Properties Mass is the Quantity of Matter Unit of Measure = gram Not Weight (Weight = Acceleration x Mass) Volume is the Space an Object Occupies Calculated by V = H x W x D Unit of Measure = cm3 Matter is Anything Which Has Mass and Volume Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1 Page 5

Basic Building Blocks of Matter Atom – The Smallest Unit of an Element That Maintains the Properties of the Element. Element – A Pure Substance Made up of Only One Kind of Atom. Compound – A Substance That is Made From Atoms of Two or More Elements That are Chemically Bonded. Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1 Page 6

Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1 Properties of Matter Extensive Properties – Depend Upon the Amount of Matter Mass Volume Energy Intensive Properties – Do Not Depend Upon the Amount of Matter Melting Point Boiling Point Density Conductivity Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1 Page 7

Physical Properties and Physical Changes Physical Property – A Characteristic That Can be Observed or Measured Without Changing the Identity of the Substance. Examples: Melting Point Boiling Point Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1 Page 8

Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1 Physical Change Physical Change - A Change in a Substance That Does Not Involve a Change in the Identity of the Substance. Examples: Change of State (Gas to Liquid, etc.) Change in Temperature/Energy Change in Pressure Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1 Page 9

Physical States of Matter Solids Definite Volume and Shape Molecules Rigidly Locked Together Liquids Definite Volume, Take the Shape of the Container (Indefinite Shape) Molecules Closely Packed But Move Past Each Other Gas Neither a Fixed Volume Nor a Fixed Shape Molecules Widely Spaced Plasma High Energy State of Matter Electrons and Nuclei Separated Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1 Page 10

Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1 Chemical Change In a Chemical Change the Identities of Substances Change and New Substances Form Example: Mercury(II)Oxide  Mercury + Oxygen or 2 HgO  2 Hg + O2 Starting Materials = Reactants (Left Hand) Final Materials = Products (Right Hand) Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1 Page 11

Energy and Changes in Matter Energy is Always Involved in Chemical And Physical Changes Examples: Heat Required to Melt Ice Heat Evolved When Charcoal Burns Heat Absorbed When Chemicals in a “Cold Pack” Are Mixed Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1 Page 12

Classification of Matter Two Groups: Mixtures and Pure Substances Mixture – A Blend of Two or More Kinds of Matter, Each of Which Retains Its Own Identity and Properties Mixture Examples: Sand and Iron Filings Sugar in Water 18-karat Gold (Alloy of Gold, Silver, Copper, and Nickel) (18-karat/24-karat = 75%) Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1 Page 13

Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1 Types of Mixtures Homogeneous Mixtures – Mixtures Uniform in Composition, Also Called Solutions Clear Washing Detergent Sprite Heterogeneous Mixtures – Mixtures Which are Not Uniform Throughout Orange Juice (With Pulp) Fur Lined Jacket Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1 Page 14

Separation of Mixtures Filtration (Separation of Precipitate from Supernate) Centrifugation (Separation of High Density Materials from Low Density Materials) Chromatography Gas Phase (Like Distillation) Liquid Phase (Different Diffusion Rates) Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1 Page 15

Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1 Pure Substance Every Sample of a Pure Substance Has Exactly the Same Characteristic Properties Every Sample of a Pure Substance Has Exactly the Same Composition Examples: A Clear Liquid Which Freezes at 0 C. and Boils at 100 C. Is Probably Water All Water Molecules are Composed of Two Parts Hydrogen and One Part Oxygen A Metal Which Melts at 1083 C. Is Probably Copper May Be Either a Compound or an Element Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1 Page 16

Purity of Laboratory Chemcials All Chemicals Have Some Impurities Primary Standard ACS Grade USP Grade CP Grade Increasing Purity NF Grade FCC Grade Technical Grade Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1 Page 17

Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1 Elements Periodic Table Vertical Columns Periods Groups or Families Similar Ability to Bond to Other Elements Horizontal Rows Called Periods Two Main Sections Metal on Left Non-Metals on Right Metalloids In between Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1 Page 18

Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1 Metals Definition: A Metal Is an Element That Is a Good Conductor of Heat and Electricity Characteristics Malleable Ductile High Tensile Strength Shiny Silver Appearance (Except for Copper, Gold) Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1 Page 19

Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1 Non-Metals A Non-Metal Is an Element That Is a Poor Conductor of Heat And Electricity Tend to Be Brittle Rather Than Malleable or Ductile Examples: Phosphorous (Necessary for Life) Sulfur Carbon Oxygen Halogens (Fluorine, Chlorine, etc.) Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1 Page 20

Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1 Metalloids Metalloids Have Properties of Both Metals and Non-Metals Tend to Be Less Malleable Than Metals And Not as Brittle as Non-Metals Tend to Be Semiconductors of Electricity Examples: Silicon Germanium Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1 Page 21

Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1 Noble Gases Elements in Group 18 (Far Right-hand Column) Are The Noble Gases Very Low Reactivity (No Compounds Known Before 1962 When Xenon Hexafluoride Discovered) Examples: Helium (Lighter Than Air Balloons) Neon (Neon Signs) Argon (About 1% of the Air We Breathe) Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1 Page 22