The locomotive requirements during Rugby Union competition: A review of the literature Brad Mayo,1,2 Peter Maulder,1 and Shaun Paterson1 1School of Sport & Exercise Science, Wintec, Hamilton, New Zealand 2 Waikato Rugby Union, New Zealand Brads edits BACKGROUND Aim The purpose of the review was to identify the locomotive requirements during Rugby Union competition In order to produce a specific strength and conditioning programme for Rugby Union athletes, practitioners need to recognise the specific physiological, locomotive and kinematic requirements of Rugby Union competition. To quantify the match demands of Rugby Union competition, video based time-motion analysis (TMA) and more recently global positioning systems (GPS) have been utilised by researchers. Table 1: The locomotive requirements during Rugby Union competition Author Participants Analytical device Total distance (m) Max Speed (km/h) Metres per minute (m-min) Deutsch et al. (1998) 24 Amateur players TMA FR: 4,400 IB: 5,530 FR: 63 IB: 79 Duthie et al. (2006) 28 Franchise players F: 30.6 B: 33.9 Roberts et al. (2008) 5 Franchise games F: 5,581 B: 6,127 F: 70 B: 76 Cunniffe et al. (2009) 2 Franchise players GPS F: 6,680 B: 7,227 F: 26.3 B: 28.7 F: 68 B: 72 Austin et al. (2011) 20 Franchise players FR: 5,139 IB: 6,389 FR: 64 IB: 80 Venter et al. (2011) 17 Amateur players F: 4,469 B: 4,597 F: 23.0 B: 33.1 F: 64 B: 66 Higham et al. (2012) 19 International sevens players Int : 1,694 Dom : 1,680 Int: 30.6 Dom: 29.2 Int: 121 Dom: 120 Cahill et al. (2013) 98 Franchise players F: 5,850 B: 6,545 B: 30.4 F: 65 B: 71 GPS = Global positioning system , TMA = Time motion analysis, F = Forward, B = Back , FR = Front row, IB = Inside back , Int = International matches, Dom = Domestic matches Total distance covered during match play Metres covered per minute of elapsed match play Provides a complete measure of total work load during the game. The frequency and duration of moderate and high intensity running distances accurately describe the game requirements. Reported to range between 4,400m and 7,227m (see Table 1). An appreciation of volume represented by total distance covered provides an understanding of the required recovery modalities between trainings and games. Metres per minute (m-min) is an expression of work rate during competition. This measure takes into account game length and total distance covered. This measure gives an indication of what maximum values of locomotor activities players experience during match play. M-min has been reported to range between 62 m-min and 120 m-min in Rugby Union competition (see Table 1). Practitioners can recognise intensity during competition and replicate it during the training environment. Maximum running speed during match play Future research considerations Investigate match requirements utilising GPS between levels of competition such as Club rugby, ITM Cup, Super Rugby and International Rugby. Investigate variables such as number of high intensity efforts > 15 km/h, high intensity efforts per minute, number of sprints > 20 km/h and sprints per minute. Expression of assessment speed relative to match speed may provide added benefit. It has been shown that running speed over varying distances is fundamental to success at all levels of competition. Maximum running speed has been reported to range between 22 km/h and 34 km/h during competition (see Table 1). These findings have implications for coaches and practitioners specifically when attempting to provide game and position specific speed training programs. CONCLUSIONS Practical take home message The comparison of semi-professional and professional rugby competitions is important to aid player progression and implement training programs based around the locomotive requirements of match play Match requirements of Rugby Union competition provide coaches and practitioners with quantifiable measures to justify prescription of training. Previous research reveals that professional athletes have greater locomotive requirements when compared with their semi professional counterparts. Such information is important as it could aid in player progression from semi-professional to professional level. There is a need for ongoing analysis of developmental pathways to adequately prepare players for the demands of professional competition. Acknowledgements Waikato Rugby Union & Wintec