Chapter 28 First Aid and Emergencies Lesson 1 Providing First Aid Pg.736-741 Notebook: Have you ever had to administer first aid/cpr to anyone? Or Have you ever seen anyone administer first aid/cpr?

Lesson Objectives Relate the nation’s goal & objectives for improving individual, family, & community health to learning & using appropriate first-aid procedures. Understand the importance of learning first aid. Analyze strategies for responding to accidental injuries.

Importance of Learning First Aid Procedures First aid is administered in the seconds and minutes following an emergency in which someone becomes ill or injured. Important step in meeting the nation’s health goals and objectives for individuals, family, and communities described in Healthy People 2010. Using proper first-aid procedures can reduce the number of people who sustain further injury or die in the absence of early and effective treatment.

Universal Precautions Are actions taken to prevent the spread of disease by treating all blood and other body fluids as if they contained pathogens. Wearing protective gloves Using a rescue mask Washing hands before & after providing care

Responding to an Emergency Steps to Follow in an Emergency Situation Common indicators of an emergency include unusual sights, sounds, odors, and behaviors. Care Call Provide care for the victim. LIFE THREATENING 1st Check Call for help. 911 Check the scene and the victim. SAFETY

Checking a victim Never move a seriously injured person unless: There is immediate danger You have to reach a more seriously injured person You need to move a victim to provide proper care Practice moving a victim to provide proper care (p. 17) Check for consciousness- if not conscious call 9-1-1 Sometimes the most important thing a person can do to help in an emergency is to call for help

Call 9-1-1 Call first situations: An unconscious person Cardiac emergencies Call fast situations: Breathing, bleeding, and other non-cardiac emergencies When To Call & How To Call EMS (pp. 19-21) read the list aloud Examples of call fast situations: Any victim of submersion or near drowning Cardiac arrest associated with trauma A victim of drug overdose

Care for a Conscious Victim Introduce yourself Get permission to treat Ask what happened Give care Ask where the pain is and what it’s like: Burning, aching, sharp, stinging and how bad it is. Be calm and patient Speak normally and simply

Types of Injuries

Open Wounds Abrasion (scrape) Incision (cut or laceration) Avulsion Open wounds are one type of injury. Treatment depends on the severity and type of wound. Abrasion (scrape) Incision (cut or laceration) Avulsion Puncture

Abrasion “Scrape” Most common type of wound caused by skin that has been rubbed or scrapped away Usually painful because scraping away of outer skin exposes nerve endings Dirt and bacteria can easily enter this wound Cleaning the wound is extremely important and it speeds healing process

Laceration “incision or cut” May be jagged or smooth edges Commonly caused by sharp objects (glass, knife) Can also be caused by a blow from a blunt object Deep lacerations can result in heavy bleeding and damage to nerves, blood vessels, & other soft tissues. Infection may also occur

Puncture Caused when a pointed object pieces the skin (nail, tack, bullet) Usually don’t cause heavy external bleeding, but may cause internal bleeding An object that remains embedded in the wound is called an impaled object Carry High risk of infection, including tetanus.

Avulsion A portion of the skin or other soft tissue is partially or completely torn away May hang like a flap Severed (finger) Can sometimes be reattached Pack the severed part in ice or ice water, if possible, to preserve the tissue. Heavy bleeding is common

First Aid for Bleeding Put on protective equipment (gloves) Wash a minor wound with mild soap & running water to remove dirt and debris Do not attempt to clean a severe injury (avulsion) Always wash hands before and after care

Caring for an Open Wound Control bleeding (sterile dressing-direct pressure) Cover and press firmly Raise / elevate above heart (if no broken bone is suspected) Apply bandage snugly over dressing (if bleeding does not stop apply additional dressing) If bleeding cannot be controlled, put pressure to supplying artery Call for help

How to Apply a Pressure Bandage Place a dressing over the wound Secure the roller bandage over the dressing Using overlapping turns, cover the dressing completely Secure the bandage in place; tie tightly over wound Should be tight enough to maintain pressure, but not so tight that it cuts off circulation

Pressure Point Bleeding Control If elevating & applying pressure does not stop bleeding, pressure point bleeding control must be used. This procedure involves pressing the main artery against a bone It should be used only when absolutely necessary; seriously injured or possibly in shock.

Burns

Burns are caused by: Heat – most common Chemicals Electrical current Radiation (from the sun)

Burns Are a specific type of soft tissue injury You can describe burns by their cause or by their depth (the deeper the burn, the more severe it is) First degree are superficial Second & Third degree are deep A critical burn can be life-threatening

Types of Burns

Superficial (1st Degree) Involve the first layer of skin (outer layer) Skin is red & dry & usually painful May be swollen Most sunburns are superficial Cool the burn with cool running water (not ice) for 10 minutes Pat dry & cover with a sterile bandage.

Partial Thickness(2nd Degree) Involves top layers of skin Skin is red & blistered that may open & seep clear fluid Usually painful & often swells Cool the burn with cold water (not ice) and elevate. Wrap the area loosely with sterile, dry dressing. Do not pop blisters Seek medical attention

Full Thickness (3rd Degree) Destroys all layers of skin & any/all underlying structures (fat, muscle/bones, nerves) Burns look brown/black (charred) with tissue underneath appearing white Can be either extremely painful or relatively painless (nerve endings destroyed) Call for medical help immediately Cool with large amount of water and cover the area with dry sterile dressing

Ch 28 Lesson 1- Review Questions Define first aid Why is it necessary to use universal precautions when giving first aid to a person who is bleeding? What two universal precautions that a person should follow when giving first aid to another person? What are the first three things you should do when you recognize an emergency situation? 5. Most burns are caused by?

Ch 28 Lesson 1- Review Questions Continued… 6. What are the types of burns? 7. What are the four types of open wounds? 8. _____ A cut caused by a razor blade is called a. an abrasion c. a puncture b. a laceration d. an avulsion 9. ____ Puncture wounds usually cause heavy external bleeding. 10. ____ A severed body part should be packed in ice or ice water to preserve the tissue. (true or false)