Network Layer Security Howie Weiss (NASA/JPL/Cobham Analytic Solutions) Berlin Germany May 2011

Agenda CCSDS Network Layer Security IPSec+IKE Profile for CCSDS What is included? What is excluded? How is it used?

What is Network Layer Security? Space extensions to FTP SCPS-FP FTP Features FTP Other Apps Space extensions to the Socket Interface SCPS-TP “TCP Tranquility” options TCP Options TCP UDP Space-optimized IPSec variant SCPS-SP IPSec IKE Common Network- Layer Interface Space-optimized IP variant SCPS-NP IP Space Link Subnet: CCSDS Data Link

IPSec: one protocol, many options Tunnel mode vs. transport mode Default cipher suite (encryption + auth + mode) Authenticated encryption? Null encryption (authentication-only)? ESP w/null encrypt or AH? What would be allowed? Anti-replay option Keying and rekeying Pre-placed keys? IKE auto rekey Automatic when keys expire – regardless of mission state? Rekey “now” button?

Issues to be resolved` Transport or tunnel mode or both? ESP-only? AH-only? ESP + AH? Authentication-only w/o encryption allowed? (null encryption) Authenticated Encryption or Encryption w/o auth allowed? Keying and rekeying questions Automated vs. manual IKEv1 or IKEv2 SA lifetimes Policy Management Define default cipher suite(s) Compression

Transport vs. Tunnel Mode Transport Mode: Single IP header End-to-End mode (writter-2-reader) Not generally used commercially Tunnel Mode: Dual IP headers – entire IP packet is encapsulated Gateway-to-Gateway mode Allows IPSec to be outboard in security gateways E.g., commercial VPNs Recommendation for CCSDS: Tunnel Mode

IPSec is TWO Protocols AH: IP Authentication Header (RFC 4302) connectionless integrity data origin authentication. optional replay protection No confidentiality ESP: Encapsulating Security Payload (RFC 4303) confidentiality, data origin authentication, connectionless integrity, anti-replay protection (w/automated key management), limited traffic flow confidentiality. Provides encryption-only service for confidentiality Provides integrity-only service Provides confidentiality + integrity service

AH Authenticated (108 bytes) AH Packet Format AH (IP protocol 51) total length 152 bytes IPv4 Header 20 bytes AH 24 bytes ICMP 8 bytes Data 80 bytes AH Authenticated (108 bytes) Next Header =IPIP 1 byte Length (this header) Pad 2 bytes AH SPI 4 bytes Seq # ICV 12 bytes

ESP Authenticated (132 bytes) ESP w/Null Encryption ESP (IP protocol 50) total length 152 bytes IPv4 Header 20 bytes ESP Null Encrypted Payload 132 bytes ESP SPI 4 bytes Seq # IPv4 Header 20 bytes ICMP (8 bytes hdr + 80 bytes data) 88 bytes Pad varies per RFC 2406 - in this example 2 bytes Len 1 byte Next Hdr Authentication Data varies: 8, 12,or 16 byte 12 bytes ESP Header ESP Trailer ESP Auth ESP Authenticated (132 bytes)

ESP Authenticated (140 bytes) ESP w/AES-GCM ESP (IP protocol 50) total length 160 bytes IPv4 Header 20 bytes ESP AES128 Encrypted Payload 140 bytes Encrypted (128 bytes) ESP SPI 4 bytes Seq # IV 8 bytes IPv4 Header 20 bytes ICMP (8 bytes hdr + 80 bytes data) 88 bytes Pad varies per RFC 2406 - in this example 2 bytes Len 1 byte Next Hdr Authentication Data varies: 8, 12,or 16 bytes 12 bytes ESP Header ESP Trailer ESP Auth ESP Authenticated (140 bytes)

ESP w/AES-GCM + AH AH (IP protocol 51) IPv4 Header AH (ref AH format) total length 184 bytes IPv4 Header 20 bytes AH (ref AH format) 24 bytes ESP AES128 Encrypted Payload 140 bytes AH Authenticated (148 bytes) Encrypted (128 bytes) ESP SPI 4 bytes Seq # IV 8 bytes IPv4 Header 20 bytes ICMP (8 bytes hdr + 80 bytes data) 88 bytes Pad varies per RFC 2406 - in this example 2 bytes Len 1 byte Next Hdr Authentication Data varies: 8, 12, 16 bytes 12 bytes ESP Header ESP Trailer ESP Auth ESP Authenticated (140 bytes)

ESP and/or AH ? AH does not support confidentiality ESP supports both confidentiality and integrity Supports null encryption AH was designed because of export control issues regarding encryption algorithms AH and ESP can be nested but why? Too much overhead Recommendation for CCSDS: ESP-only

Security Services Allowed Authentication-only mode CCSDS Recommendation: allow Needed for commanding w/o need for confidentiality Authenticated Encryption mode CCSDS Recommendation: allow (must) Encryption w/o authentication is shown to be a dangerous practice Non-authenticated Encryption mode CCSDS Recommendation: unsafe, not recommended Operational overhead and mission risk analysis may have need for this but it should not be done without analysis

Keying Conformant IPSec must support BOTH automated and manual keying Automated keying: Internet Key Exchange Manual keying: ad-hoc (each implementation determines how) Issues regarding automated keying: Rekey at “bad” time in the mission timeline E.g., critical burn maneuver E.g., critical upload/download Requires little human intervention Issues regarding manual keying: “simple” but requires human resources Physical distribution and protection required

Internet Key Exchange (IKE) IKE v1 (RFC 2409) Complicated, robust protocol Commercially widely used IKE v2 (RFC 4306) Simpler than IKEv2 (maybe safer…) Commercially not widely used, yet. Requires on-board flight code More flight code to certify But do it once and reuse, reuse, reuse

rekey IKE Operation IKE rekeys when thresholds are met, for example: Number of bytes transmitted Elapsed time For space, IKE Rekey-Upon-Command is needed E.g., button-push to rekey E.g., button-push to inhibit rekey For space, timers will have to be tweaked vs. commercial (terrestrial) implementations Recommendation for CCSDS: IKEv2 w/rekey commanding “button” rekey

Manual Keying Sometimes simple is enough…. Need ability to preload keys (e.g., 512 keys, 1024 keys) onboard Maybe have a key upload ability? Command to change keys Preload and manage Security Associations (SA) Recommendation for CCSDS: Require manual key w/management 110010110010011100110110

Policy Management IPSec supports policies, e.g.: Security services on a connection Access controls for connection No standards for loading, updating, supporting IPSec policies SNMP-based approaches: RFC 4807: IPSec Security Policy Database Configuration MIB IPSec Security Policy IPSec Action MIB (IETF draft) IPSec Security Policy IKE Action MIB (IETF draft) Microsoft IPSec Policy Agent Service KeyNote, ipsecconf, proprietary, etc What do we want to do?

Cipher Suite Follow CCSDS Algorithms document 128-bit key size AES AES-GCM for authenticated encryption AES-CMAC, AES-GMAC, HMAC for authentication/integrity

Compression Overhead vs. Bandwidth! IPSec adds overhead Everyone complains about not having enough bandwidth IP Payload Compression Protocol (IPComp) (RFC 3173) Commercially supported Compresses IP datagrams BEFORE security processing on outbound Decompresses IP datagrams AFTER security processing on inbound Recommendation for CCSDS: Optional use of IPComp

Summary IPSec: ESP-only Null encryption allowed Authenticated encryption Non-authenticated encryption unsafe IKEv2 w/rekey button Manual keying w/management Policy management needed - ? Cipher suites follow algorithms blue book Compression (IPComp)