Chapter 3: Vectors and Parabolic Motion

Vectors Remember, a vector is something that has both a magnitude and a direction. Magnitude = how long the vector is Direction = where the vector points Ex = A boat that has a velocity of 35mi/hr at a heading of N 30o E has a magnitude of 35mi/hr and a direction of N 30o E.

A word about heading The A blah0 B notation is new to most of us. The way to read it is this: Start at the first direction and swing out toward the second direction by the given degree. As an example I will draw W 30o S for you.

Some practice Draw the following vectors N 45o E E 30o S W 60o N

Components The easiest way to add vectors together is by adding their components. A component is a piece. Most, if not all, of the vectors we will work with can be split into 2 pieces, an X piece and a Y piece. X piece = how many units sideways the vector is . Y piece = how many units up and down the vector is.

Finding your pieces If your vector lies on one axis it is easy to find your components, one is 0 and the other is all of it. But if your vector lies between two axes, use the following 2 equations Vy = V sinθ Vx = V cosθ Where θ is the angle the vector makes with the x axis and V is magnitude of the vector

Example A quarterback throws a long pass a distance of 35yds at a direction of N 30o W. How many yards north does the receiver have to run to meet the ball?

Solution Draw a picture Our west component is x, and our north component is y, so we need to find our y piece. Vy = V sinθ Vy = 35yds sin 60 = 30.3 yards

Your Turn A pool ball is shot 3feet in a direction of E 30o N. Find the length of the x component.

What you can do with your pieces If you know both components of a vector you can find 2 things: How long the vector is using √(Vx2 + Vy2) Where the vector points using tanθ = Vx / Vy and using tan -1 to find θ.

Adding 2 vectors (or more) To add two vectors break each vector into its 2 components giving you vx1, vy1, vx2, and vy2 The resulting vector, called the resultant vector (catchy name) or R. Rx = vx1 + vx2 Ry = vy1+ vy2 Use the 2 equations on the last slide to find magnitude and direction.

Example A mailman leaves the post office and drives 22.0 km north. Then he drives E 60o S for 47.0km. What is his displacement from the post office? (aka how far is he from the post office?)

Practice Problem A plane flies 600 km at a direction of N 30o E, and turns and flies 450 km at a direction of N 600 E. Find the displacement of the plane. (this means both magnitude and direction)

Projectile Motion Imagine a car driving off a cliff. The only thing acting on it as it sails through the air is gravity. Of course it has a sideways velocity before driving off the cliff and nothing is acting on it sideways to change its speed to it will continue to move sideways as well as fall.

Parabola This motion of moving sideways while falling down creates a curve, or parabola. Brain storm: What factors would affect the shape of the parabola?

Some tools As stated earlier, there is nothing happening in the horizontal direction to change the speed of the object in that direction. In other words a = 0 and the velocity in the x direction, vx, is constant. This changes 2 of our kinematic equations: v = v0 + at becomes vx = vx0 and x = x0 + v0t + ½ at2 becomes x = x0 + vx0t

Meanwhile, in the vertical direction The only thing acting in the vertical is gravity, so a = g = -9.8m/s2 (or -32ft/s2 in American units) This gives us the following: vy = vy0 – gt y = y0 + vy0t – ½ gt2 vy2 = vy02 – 2gy

The power of math These 5 equations can tell us very important things about an object in projectile motion including the time it spends in the air, where it will land, how high it will get, and how fast it was going at the start. This is used everywhere from weather balloons to cruise missiles.

Example A stunt driver on a motorcycle drives off a 50.0m high cliff. How fast must the motorcycle leave the top of the cliff if it is to land in front of the cameras 90.0m away from the cliff?

Solution Part 1 y0 = 0m y = -50.0m x0 = 0m x = 90.0m g = -9.8m/s2 v = ? t = ?

It’s about time Because vx = vx0 we would know v if we knew t by using x = vt So can we find t? Yes! We can use y = y0 + vy0t – ½ gt2 y = -1/2gt2 gives us t = 3.19s Now we can use x = vt, which gives v = 28.2m/s

Range Before we examine flying fruit, there is one more equation you will need to know. R = x = vx0t = Where θ is the angle the object is launched at from the ground. Protip: when θ = 45the above equations becomes v02 / g