Objectives I can define terms related to cells and genetics. I can define terms related to the pathology of tissues, glands and modes of disease transmission.

Structure of the Body The body is made up of: Cells Tissues Organs Body Systems Working together these structures form the complete body. 2

Cells Cells are the smallest units of the body. Cytology is the study of cells.

Genes Genes are the functional units of heredity. Genes control physical traits (hair, skin, and eye color) and also hereditary disorders. Genetics –study of how genes are transferred from parents to children Geneticist—a specialist of genetics

Genetic Disorders A hereditary disorder that is caused by an absent or effective gene. Examples: Down Syndrome—(Trisomy 21) physical abnormalities and facial appearance Hemophilia—bleeding disorder; blood clotting factor is missing. . .causes sever spontaneous bleeding Phenylketonuria—(PKU) digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing, causes brain damage

Down Syndrome

Hemophilia

Phenylketonuria (PKU) Phe=phenylalanine

Tissues Tissues are a group of cells that join together to perform a certain function. 4 types of tissues Epithelial tissues are found in the skin and lining of organs Connective tissues—support and connect organs Adipose tissue—fat, provides cushion and support Muscle tissues—contain cells that contract and relax Nerve tissues—contain cells that react to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses

Glands Glands are specialized cells that can produce secretions. Exocrine glands—such as sweat glands, secrete substance into ducts that lead into an organ or out of the body Endocrine glands—produce hormones; do not have ducts; secreted directly into the bloodstream Aden/o means gland -oma means tumor Carncin/o means cancerous

Pathology Pathology is the study of diseases Pathologist—specialist that studies diseases Etiology—study of the causes of disease

Disease Transmission (spread of disease) Pathogen—disease producing microorganism such as a virus or bacteria Communicable disease—a contagious disease caused by a pathogen transmitted from one person to another Indirect contact transmission—infection caused by contact with a contaminated surface Bloodborne transmission—spread through contact with blood or body fluids Ex. HIV Airborne transmission—spread through droplets from a cough or sneeze Ex. Cold or Flu Fecal-Oral transmission—caused by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with feces

Indirect Contact Transmission

Bloodborne Transmission

Airborne Transmission

Fecal-Oral Route

Vector-borne Transmission Disease is transmitted to humans by mosquitoes, fleas, flies, rats, dogs West Nile has a vector-borne transmission through mosquitoes

Outbreaks of Diseases Epidemiologist—specialist that studies the outbreaks of disease in a population Endemic—ongoing presence of a disease within an area, group, or population Ex. Common cold present within general population Epidemic—sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area Ex. Sudden, widespread outbreak of chicken pox is an epidemic Pandemic—outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide Ex. Worldwide spread of AIDS

Endemic vs. Epidemic vs. Pandemic Sporadic—scattered occurrences Endemic—Ongoing presence of disease in a specific area Epidemic—sudden, widespread outbreak of disease Pandemic—outbreak of a disease worldwide

Aging Geriatrics (Gerontology)—study of medical problems of the elderly Geriatrician (Gerontologist)—specializes in the care of the elderly

Write It!: Write the correct med term on the line. _______________ is a genetic disorder associated with a characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, and physical abnormalities. Mr. Wong died of cholera during a sudden and widespread outbreak of this disease in his village. This outbreak is called ____________. Nurse Susie was infected with HIV when she stuck herself with a patient’s contaminated needle through a ________________ transmission. Ralph was very sick after drinking contaminated water during a camping trip. His doctor says that he contracted the illness through ____________________ transmission.

Ashley is fascinated by genetics Ashley is fascinated by genetics. She wants to specialize in this field and is studying to become a __________________. A specialist in the study of the outbreaks of disease is an ______________________. _____________ is a bleeding disorder in which one of the factors needed to clot the blood is missing. The _________________ system is composed of the heart and blood vessels. The genetic disorder ____________________ is characterized by a missing digestive enzyme. The inflammation of a gland is known as ________________. The surgical removal of a gland is called ________________.

Types of Diseases Iatrogenic illness—an illness caused by medical treatment Ex. Iatrogenic rash caused by taking high blood pressure medicine Idiopathic disorder—an illness without known cause Ex. Idiopathic epilepsy—seizures without a cause Nosocomial Infection—a disease acquired from a hospital Nosocomial MRSA infection Infectious Disease– an illness caused by a bacteria or virus