BIENNALE 1 ENGLISH LANGUAGE – C1 WEEK 3 THE PASSIVE AND CAUSATIVE STRUCTURES DOTT.SSA CLAIRE WALLIS

THE PASSIVE We use the PASSIVE for various reasons: To shift the focus If we do NOT know, care or it is obvious who has performed the action To create a distance (It has been said – rather than – she said) To create more formality

THE PASSIVE REMEMBER We often use the PASSIVE in both the present and past continuous forms. If a verb takes 2 objects, we prioritise the animate object. THE EDITOR GAVE THE JOURNALIST AN ASSIGNMENT THE JOURNALIST WAS GIVEN AN ASSIGNMENT (more natural sounding)

IMPERSONAL PASSIVE Noun + verb in the passive + infin/perfect infinitive Language learning is expected to become obligatory in most schools. There + verb in passive + infin/perfect infinitive There is reported to have been vast sums of money invested in language education.

IMPERSONAL PASSIVE CONTINUED It + verb in the passive + that clause It is believed that girls learn faster than boys. HOMEWORK CORRECTION – EXERCISE C

THE CAUSATIVE I repaired my car (I performed the action) I had/got my car repaired (someone else – probably professional performed the action for me) HAVE/GET + OBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE

THE CAUSATIVE I had my friend repair my car I got my friend to repair my car Someone else did the action for you. Perhaps they were slightly unwilling and needed convincing. HAVE + PERSON + BARE INFINITIVE GET + PERSON + FULL INFINITIVE

THE CAUSATIVE The comedian had me laughing almost immediately. The comedian got me laughing almost immediately. In this case it is something voluntary and enjoyable. HAVE/GET + PERSON + ING FORM

PRACTICE PRACTICE EXERCISES FROM DESTINATION C1/2