Recommendations from the 8th Meeting of the Ozone Research Managers of the Parties to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer Michael J. Kurylo Chairman, 8th ORM Meeting Goddard Earth Sciences, Technology, and Research Program Universities Space Research Association NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, MD USA 20771

Background The 8th Meeting of Ozone Research Managers of the Parties to the Vienna Convention was held in Geneva (2-4 May, 2011) in accordance with decisions I/6 and III/8 of the COP. The ORM Reports and WMO-UNEP Scientific Assessments are all required under the Vienna Convention and Montreal Protocol and have complementary but different purposes: The Assessments enable the Parties to evaluate control measures under the Montreal Protocol and are communication devices between the research community and decision makers The Assessments do not provide policy recommendations nor are they research planning documents but provide input for both The ORM Reports specifically address research and monitoring needs in light of the scientific understanding provided by the Assessments and make specific recommendations to the Parties regarding international actions for improved research coordination and networking

Implementation Agenda Items for the 8th ORM Meeting Issues pertinent to the Vienna Convention Review of recommendations from the 7th ORM Meeting Review of activities under the Vienna Convention Trust Fund Presentations on the state of the ozone layer and its interactions with climate change Updates on international research and monitoring programs Satellite research and monitoring programs (present status and outlooks for the future ) National and regional reports on ozone research and monitoring Formulation of needs and recommendations in four principal areas (research needs, systematic observations, data archiving, and capacity building) Ozone layer and climate interactions -

The 8th ORM recommendations were set against the background from the 2010 Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion Specifically, the complexities of ozone and UV science and their interactions with changing climate require Continuation and expansion of systematic measurement and analysis capabilities for tracking the evolution of ozone- and climate-related source gases and parameters. Detection and tracking the stabilization and expected recovery of stratospheric ozone from the influence of ODSs while responding to a changing climate. Attribution of changes in radiation forcing to changes in the ozone profile or to effects of climate change. Derivation of a global record of ground-level UV radiation.

The 8th ORM meeting report is available as WMO Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, Report No. 51 The recommendations are also available as Pre- Session Document UNEP/OzL.Conv.9/6. This document provides a more complete discussion of the recommendations. In particular, the introduction for each recommendation area contains information regarding recent achievements, emerging issues, and continuing & new needs. For the sake of brevity, today’s presentation will provide an overview of the recommendations along with some specific highlights.

Research Needs Many questions remain about the expected ozone recovery from the influence of ODSs and on the interrelationship between ozone and climate variability /change. Studies to quantify the chemical, radiative, and dynamical factors contributing to ozone layer evolution in a changing atmosphere (including studies of the consequences of climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies) Studies to investigate the roles and impacts of changes in stratospheric ozone and ODSs on surface climate Studies to improve our understanding of changes in aerosols relative to changes in volcanic activity, air pollution sources, and proposed geoengineering approaches Studies of the effects of solar-cycle influences on climate

Research Needs (continued) Studies to understand the emissions (natural & anthropogenic), banks, and the tropospheric / stratospheric evolution of ODSs, their substitutes, and other climate-related trace gases Studies of the effects of climate change on the sources, sinks, and lifetime of such trace gases and of very short-lived species (especially in the tropics) Laboratory photochemical, kinetic, and spectroscopic studies relating to ozone evolution and its monitoring Studies to improve the standardization and consistency of cross sections of ozone and related species in different wavelength regions Studies to resolve the differences between tropical total-ozone trend estimates and those derived from satellite profiles

Research Needs (continued) Studies that allow the quantitative disaggregation of the factors affecting UV radiation at the Earth’s surface, so that the influences of factors other than ozone can be better assessed Studies on the effects of stratospheric ozone change, and the resulting changes in UV radiation on human health, ecosystems, and materials Studies of the interactions between the effects of changes in UV radiation and those of climate change Studies that look at the environmental effects of ODS substitutes and their degradation products on other factors that affect human health and the environment

Systematic Observations These observations are critical to understanding and monitoring long-term changes in atmospheric composition & the associated response in ground-level UV radiation. Global data networks (ground-based and satellite) provide the backbone of our understanding of ozone, ozone- and climate-related trace gases, and UV. Ground-Based Networks: Redistribution of measurements from instrument-rich sites to areas that are poorly populated with instruments (such as in the tropics, central Asia, and southern mid-latitudes) Preference for Brewers in ozone and UV monitoring expansion along with the co-location of column- and profile- measuring instruments Expansion of Umkehr ozone-profiling capabilities Cite new ODS lifetime initiative.

Systematic Observations (continued) Ground-Based Networks (continued): Need to establish and implement Standard Operating Procedures for all instruments in network operations Need to re-evaluate microwave ozone data to ensure adequate data quality in the upper stratosphere in advance of possibly adding new stations in the Polar Regions where Umkehr data are not available Concerns over the decrease in ozonesonde stations reporting data to the central data archive (especially over Asia, the Arctic, and North America) Need to increase ozonesonde altitude coverage (altitudes up to 30 km) Need for simultaneity of ozone and water vapor profiles in balloon soundings Cite new ODS lifetime initiative.

Systematic Observations (continued) Ground-Based Networks (continued): Continuity of remote-sensing networks providing profile data on ozone and ozone / climate-related species. Infusion of newly developed instrumental capabilities into these networks, which provide the primary non-space-based observations Continuity of in situ networks for observing ODSs, ODS substitutes, and GHGs as well as the expansion of monitoring capabilities for newly emerging chemicals Need to maintain balloon-based measurements of ODSs to check on the behavior of these substances in a changing climate Need for continued measurement of SF6 and CO2 in support of age-of-air studies

Systematic Observations (continued) Satellite Networks: Continuation of solar backscatter UV observations (a key baseline set) High vertical resolution profiles for ozone and key molecules via limb viewing (need to understand ΔO3 vs. ΔODS in a changing climate) Special attention for N2O as an important substance leading to ozone depletion Need for systematic water vapor profile measurements as it is a strong driver for decadal climate variability Gap filling missions providing high vertical resolution measurements of ozone and ozone-related parameters (e.g., solar occultation FTS and limb emission instruments)

Systematic Observations (continued) Satellite Networks (continued): Continuation of stratospheric aerosol measurements Measurements of solar irradiance outside of the atmosphere and its associated indices Need for an assessment of current temperature profile data records and measurement capabilities leading (where appropriate) to recommendations for new temperature measurement systems

Systematic Observations (continued) Data Record Priorities: Need for a systematic understanding of the differences and synergies between data sets derived using different observational techniques Need for better integration of ground-level, ground-based remote sensing, and satellite data Need for further development of methods and tools for improved integration of complementary data having different scales, resolution, etc.

Data Archiving Several achievements have been made in response to the 7th ORM Recommendations. These include: Dobson Data Quality Workshop (Czech Republic; Feb. 2011) Adoption of HDF for NDACC archiving (in progress) Template for submission of level-0 Dobson data and metadata (approval by SAG-Ozone Oct. 2011)

Data Archiving (continued) Many 7th ORM recommendations remain relevant and were reemphasized and expanded upon. Different uses of ozone and UV data impose different archiving requirements Funding agencies need to recognize archiving as resource- intensive and part of the measurement program and should require timely submission. Enhance linkage among data centers (O3, UV, GHG, met etc.) Accommodate different versions of measurement records and inform users of new versions of the data. High priority for level-0 and metadata archiving – essential for any reprocessing

Data Archiving (continued) Availability of historical data is essential for understanding the coupling between pre-1980 ozone changes and changes in surface UV and climate. Resources required. Need for comprehensive reporting of national ODS production and consumption to improve emission inventories Need for workshops to provide training on metadata collection and on the processes for data archiving. Possible communications role for both the WMO Permanent Representatives and / or the Ozone Research Managers.

Capacity Building Progress has been made since the 7th ORM. Key activities include (see full report for details): Relocation of Dobson instruments (including refurbishment & calibration and training of observers) Transfer of knowledge & technology from the World Dobson Calibration Center (U.S.) to Africa and South America Numerous Brewer calibrations supported by the WMO Brewer Trust Fund and by Canada Educational workshops under the auspices of UNEP and WMO-GAW Contributions to Vienna Convention Trust Fund either directly or in-kind (such as via twinning relationships)

Capacity Building Many of the recommendations from the 7th ORM remain applicable. Some specific recommendations provide a concrete means of increasing capacity in developing countries over the next 3 years. Make surplus equipment available for redeployment (proposed mechanism under WMO-GAW) Support for attendance at several specific workshops and symposiums Development of a set of metrics by the Scientific Assessment Panels to assess effectiveness of capacity-building activities Increased role for National Ozone Unit Officers – focal point for information distribution, coordination with UNEP OzonAction Programme on establishment of web-based training courses

In conclusion, I would like to express my thanks To the Government of Indonesia for their kindness and hospitality in hosting this meeting and to the UNEP Ozone Secretariat for their excellent organizational efforts, To the UNEP Ozone Secretariat and to the WMO for arranging a very successful and informative 8th Meeting of Ozone Research Managers and to UNEP for inviting me to present this recommendation summary, To the many international delegates and scientific experts who gave generously of their time to ensure the success of the 8th ORM Meeting and who entrusted me with the responsibility of leading them in their work, To the discussion leaders and rapporteurs in each of the recommendation areas for their efforts in helping to craft the recommendations, and To all of you for taking on the responsibilities of attending and participating in this week’s events in Bali.