Parasitology Parasitology – science about parasitic animals and relationships with their hosts. Para + situ + logos = conversation about those living nearby us = parasitology.

History infections come from a period of The first written records of what are almost certainly parasitic infections come from a period of Egyptian medicine from 3000 to 400 BC, particularly the Ebers papyrus of 1500 BC discovered at Thebes.

A.lumbricoides eggs have been found in human coprolites from Peru dating from 2277 BC. * human coprolites – fossilized feces Larval nematodes,possibly hook worms, have been found in fecal samples dated to about 200 BC from the Colorado Plateau In 1910, Marc Armand Ruffer found S.haematobium eggs in two Egyptian mummies dating from the 1250 to 1000 BC

A parasite, is an organism that lives on or inside another organism to the detriment of the host organism. The parasite grows, feeds, or uses shelter of the host organism (including the host itself) contributing negatively to the relationship.

Parasitism: A symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont (parasite) benefits at the expense of the host by living either within the host (endoparasite) or outside the host (ectoparasite).

Types of parasitism Obligate parasites:All or most of their life cycle are parasitic. Temporary parasites:parasitic for limited period for either feeding or reproduction.

Facultative parasites:organisms are not parasitic but can live parasitic for a limited period. Accidental parasites:normally free living organisms can survive within a host when they are accidentally taken.

What is a Parasite Host? The host is the organism that the parasite lives in. *A definitive host * An intermediate host *A paratenic host *A reservoir host

Ex: When a human has an adult beef tapeworm in the intestine producing A definitive host is an organism that the adult, or sexually reproductive stage of the parasite lives in. Ex: When a human has an adult beef tapeworm in the intestine producing eggs,he or she is a “definitive host”

Ex:Human are “intermediate hosts” to malariae parasites which multiply An intermediate host is an organism that hosts an immature parasitic stage, or a stage that reproduces asexually Ex:Human are “intermediate hosts” to malariae parasites which multiply in human liver and blood cells.

Reservoir hosts, with respect to human parasites, are hosts that are infected with a parasite and keep it alive even if the parasite is wiped out in humans. “Reservoir hosts can spread the parasite and reintroduce it to human populations”.

●A paratenic host is an organism that is infected with a parasite and can pass it on to another host, but in which the parasite does not develop further.

SYMBIOSIS A biological relationship in which (usually) two species live in close proximity to each other and interact regularly in such a way as to benefit one or both of the organisms. *Symbiosis may exist between two or more individuals of the same species as well as between two or more individuals representing two different species

The three principal varieties of symbiosis are *mutualism, *commensalism, * parasitism.

parasite,benefit at the expense of the other MUTUALISM Mutualism is any relationship between two species of organisms that benefits both species COMMENSALISM A symbiotic relationship in which one organism, the commensal,benefits without causing any detriment to the other organism which is the host. PARASITISM parasite,benefit at the expense of the other organism,which is the host.

Other Parasitology Definitions *A cyst is a stage of many protozoan parasites that survives well in the environment. Cysts of human parasites are infective to humans. *A trophozoite is a moving, feeding, and multiplying stage of protozoan life cycles. There are no male and female trophozoites: they multiply asexually.

Other Parasitology Definitions Infective (=invasive) stage The stage of the parasite that invades the host . Vector:An Arthropod which is carrying and transferring parasites from one host to an other (Egg-larval stages-adult parasite-eggs)

Other Parasitology Definitions Reservoir= Non-human “host” where the parasite can live.This term is only applied when the parasite can infect humans . Life Cycle= Stages of development of a parasite

Essential features of the parasitism *Parasite is smaller then the host *Parasite has a shorter life span than it’s host *Parasite has a greater reproductive potential than it’s host

Classification of parasites Zoological Classification Living organisms Without cell With cellular construction construction (VIRUS) Procaryotic cell Eucaryotic cell (= monera) (=protista /single cell) RICKETSIA PROTOZOA BACTERIA (=metazoa) HELMINTHS ARTHROPODS

Ecological Classification Endoparasite:a parasite that inhabits the internal organs or tissues of an animal or plant Ectoparasite:any parasite that lives on the outer surface of an animal.

Different location of parasites into the host body Living in digestive system - coelozoic parasites (tapeworms) Living in tissues – histozoic parasites (trichinelliosis) ●Living in blood – hemoparasites (Malaria etc.).

Methods of invasion and escape - Via vectors - Oral Penetration from the skin ESCAPE Sputum Via vectors Feces or urine

Pathologic effects of parasites Physical trauma (skin,mucosa) Migration Nutrition Toxins Immunosupression

Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections: 1. Clinical diagnosis 2. Laboratory diagnosis

Methods for study and clinical analysis Parasitological analysis: tissue samples, excrements, surgical methods (biopsy)… Serodiagnosis (Immunodiagnostics. ELISA test etc)

Major Groups of Parasites PROTOZOANS -- Single-celled eukaryotes – Malaria, Giardia, Trichomonas vaginalis HELMINTHS (The Worms) – Multicellular animals – Flukes, Tapeworms, Roundworms ECTOPARASITES – Live outside the host – Ticks, Lice, Fleas

Treatment of Parasitic Infections: 1. Medical and surgical 2. Chemotherapy 3. Adequate nutrition

Prevention and Control: 1. Reduction in sources 2. Education 3. Destruction and/or control of reservoir hosts and vector

PROTOZOA Microscopic, one-celled animals Ciliophora (Ciliates) Mastigophora Sarcodina

Ciliophora (Ciliates) Protozoa that move by means of many short, hair-like projections Balantidium coli is the only ciliate parasite harmful to humans Causes dysentery Transmitted by feces, fingers, food, fomites, flies

Mastigophora Also known as flagellates Move by one or more long, whip-like flagella Giardia lamblia – most common intestinal parasite in the US Traveller’s diarrhea Transmitted by drinking contaminated water

Mastigophora Trypanosoma rhodesiense African sleeping sickness Fever, headaches, joint pains Most common in Uganda, and Congo Confusion, disruption of sleep cycle Fatal if not treated Mother to Child Blood transfusion Sexual Contact Tsetse fly (large brown biting fly)

Mastigophora Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas’ disease Fever, fatigue, body aches, headache, rash, diarrhea, vomiting Swelling of eyelids on the side of the face near the bite wound 60 -80% will never develop symptoms 20-40% will develop life-threatening heart and/or digestive disorders

Mastigophora Trichomonas vaginalis Most common pathogenic protozoan infection of humans in industrialized countries Infection rates between men and women are the same with women showing symptoms while men are usually asymptomatic WHO estimates 180 million cases annually North America = 5-8 million infections each year

Trichomonas vaginalis Sexually transmitted in the urogential tract Most common site of infection is the urethra and the vagina in women Complications include pregnancy complications (preterm delivery, low birth weight, increased mortality) cervical cancer, pneumonia, bronchitis, and increased secretions, and itching

Sarcodina Also known as amoebas Move by extending cytoplasmic projections Reproduces by fission

Sarcodina Entamoeba histolytica Causes dysentery in humans Can invade the liver and cause hepatitis

Helminths Parasitic worms that include Cestodes (flatworms) Nematodes (roundworms) Trematodes (flukes)

Nematodes Roundworms Distributed worldwide, found mostly in children Hookworms Pinworms Whipworms Distributed worldwide, found mostly in children

28 foot tapeworm taken from person (transmitted by sushi) Cestodes Flatworms Taenia saginata (beef) tapeworm Taenia solium (pork) tapeworm Cause intestinal disorders and severe weight loss Can grow up to 20 meters 28 foot tapeworm taken from person (transmitted by sushi)

Trematodes Flukes, flat leaf-shaped helminths Can inhabit the intestine, the liver, the lung, and the blood vessels Chronic diarrhea Abdominal pain Ulcers Hemorrhage of the intestinal wall Liver damage Transmitted Drinking infected water Eating infected raw meat or shellfish