Absolute poverty Is based on a measurement of the absolute minimum a person requires for survival It is the lack off: Food Water Warmth and shelter Clothing

minature_village.mpg

Lesson Objectives Some will be able to explain, with examples, the ways wealth and development are measured. Most will be able to describe the differences between wealth and development. All will understand the difference between wealth and development.

What is development? Is development more than wealth? Economic Development What is development? Is development more than wealth? Economic Development

What is Development? Development is a measure of how rich or poor a country is. Rich countries are more economically developed Poor countries are said to be economically less developed Development is not just about wealth, however, It is about growth and progress, and about using resources and technology to improve the quality of life for people. Countries can be culturally, demographically, socially, politically or economically developed.

Rank these countries in order of development But how can we measure development?

Development indicators can be divided into three types- Social- those to do with the quality of life of individuals within a country. Economic- those to do with the wealth of individuals within the country. Demographic – to do with population data

Need to use DATA!!! MEDC or LEDC – How do we decide? You must be able to interpret data it is very likely that you will have to do this in the examination.

WHAT DOES IT TELL US ABOUT A COUNTRY? Development Indicators INDICATOR TRANSLATION! WHAT DOES IT TELL US ABOUT A COUNTRY? GNP per capita Average earnings per person Wealth; employment; disposable income; life choices; afford necessities? Literacy rate People able to read and write Infant mortality Child deaths People per doctor Newspapers per 1000 people TV ownership per 1000 people Life expectancy Average number of years people are expected to live % people employed in farming (Primary industry)

WHAT DOES IT TELL US ABOUT A COUNTRY? Development Indicators INDICATOR TRANSLATION! WHAT DOES IT TELL US ABOUT A COUNTRY? GNP per capita Average earnings per person Wealth; employment; disposable income; life choices; afford necessities? Literacy rate People able to read and write Education; Employment / wages; political awareness Infant mortality Child deaths People per doctor Newspapers per 1000 people TV ownership per 1000 people Life expectancy Average number of years people are expected to live % people employed in farming (Primary industry)

WHAT DOES IT TELL US ABOUT A COUNTRY? Development Indicators INDICATOR TRANSLATION! WHAT DOES IT TELL US ABOUT A COUNTRY? GNP per capita Average earnings per person Wealth; employment; disposable income; life choices; afford necessities? Literacy rate People able to read and write Education; Employment / wages; political awareness Infant mortality Child deaths Health care; Nutrition People per doctor Newspapers per 1000 people TV ownership per 1000 people Life expectancy Average number of years people are expected to live % people employed in farming (Primary industry)

WHAT DOES IT TELL US ABOUT A COUNTRY? Development Indicators INDICATOR TRANSLATION! WHAT DOES IT TELL US ABOUT A COUNTRY? GNP per capita Average earnings per person Wealth; employment; disposable income; life choices; afford necessities? Literacy rate People able to read and write Education; Employment / wages; political awareness Infant mortality Child deaths Health care; Nutrition People per doctor Education; Health care; death rates; life expectancy Newspapers per 1000 people TV ownership per 1000 people Life expectancy Average number of years people are expected to live % people employed in farming (Primary industry)

WHAT DOES IT TELL US ABOUT A COUNTRY? Development Indicators INDICATOR TRANSLATION! WHAT DOES IT TELL US ABOUT A COUNTRY? GNP per capita Average earnings per person Wealth; employment; disposable income; life choices; afford necessities? Literacy rate People able to read and write Education; Employment / wages; political awareness Infant mortality Child deaths Health care; Nutrition People per doctor Education; Health care; death rates; life expectancy Newspapers per 1000 people Literacy; Disposable income; Political awareness TV ownership per 1000 people Life expectancy Average number of years people are expected to live % people employed in farming (Primary industry)

WHAT DOES IT TELL US ABOUT A COUNTRY? Development Indicators INDICATOR TRANSLATION! WHAT DOES IT TELL US ABOUT A COUNTRY? GNP per capita Average earnings per person Wealth; employment; disposable income; life choices; afford necessities? Literacy rate People able to read and write Education; Employment / wages; political awareness Infant mortality Child deaths Health care; Nutrition People per doctor Education; Health care; death rates; life expectancy Newspapers per 1000 people Literacy; Disposable income; Political awareness TV ownership per 1000 people Electricity? Disposable income (luxury item); Political awareness Life expectancy Average number of years people are expected to live Health care; Nutrition; GNP % people employed in farming (Primary industry) Income; Education; Degree of choice? Nutrition

Development Indicators Social Economic GNP per capita Literacy rate Infant mortality People per doctor Newspapers per 1000 people TV ownership per 1000 people Life expectancy % people employed in farming (Primary industry) X X X X X? X X X

Measures of Development Primary Employment; Birth Rate; Infant Mortality; Life Expectancy; GDP; Death Rate; Energy Per Person; Food Intake; GDP per capita; Literacy Rate; People per doctor Economic Social Demographic Measures of Development The total of all money produced per year by a country’s workers The amount of energy which each person in the country uses per year The average number of years a person can expect to live The wealth shared out equally among all the people of a country Number of patients divided by the number of doctors The percentage of people in the country employed in primary occupations The number of births per year per 1000 people Number of adults who can read and write in every 100 people The number of children per year out of every 1000 born alive that die before they reach the age of one The number of deaths per year per 1000 people Number of kilocalories (kcals) each person in the country takes in each day

North South Divide

Developed countries - Economic Developed countries - Social Developing countries - Social Developing countries - Economic A lot of trade High infant mortality Low infant mortality Rich countries Low GDP per capita Little Trade Africa, South America and SE Asia Low birth and death rates High literacy rate Japan, USA and UK Low literacy rate High birth and death rates Poor countries High GDP per capita Rapid population growth The South Brazil, Kenya and Egypt The North Europe, North America and Australasia Slow population growth Poor education and health care Good education and health care

Development Indicators The difference between the countries is called the Development Gap

45%- Employed in Primary agriculture 60 years- life expectancy Development Indicators Development indicators are interrelated, for example- 45%- Employed in Primary agriculture $1,600- GNP 47%- Literacy rate 0.26 per 1000- Doctors 58 per 1000- Infant mortality 60 years- life expectancy

Is China a LEDC or NIC? Newly Industrialised Country? Development Indicators MEDC or LEDC? Country A B C D Life Expectancy Yrs 47 74 42 78 % Literacy Rate 25 91 100 99 % Primary employment 39 5 1.2 Chad China Bad USA Is China a LEDC or NIC? Newly Industrialised Country?

Human Development Index

This is calculated by using Alternate way of measuring human development, a figure is produced between 0-1. This is calculated by using Life expectancy at birth, as an index of population health and longevity Knowledge and education, as measured by the adult literacy rate and enrollment in each sector of education. Standard of living, as indicated by the gross domestic product per capita.

Why the Human Development Index? It does not rely solely on wealth, it gives an indicator of quality of life by including health and education. By including education it gives an indication of the country’s future development potential. It reveals how a country uses it wealth. For example, if a country has a high GNP, but spends little on education, it will have a low HDI.

Human Development Index- Low Development High Development Moderate Development Human Development Index- Low Development http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UN_Human_Development_Report_2009.PN

Very High Human Development HDI – Top Five Very High Human Development   Country HDI 1 Norway 0.944 2 Australia 0.933 3 Switzerland 0.917 4 Netherlands 0,915 5 USA 0.914

HDI – Bottom Five Country HDI Sierra Leone 0.374 Chad 0.372 Low Human Development Country HDI Sierra Leone 0.374 Chad 0.372 Central African Republic 0.341 Demographic Republic of Congo 0.338 Niger 0.337

Since then, geographers have realised that the real world is more complex. The very poorest countries are known as Least Developed Countries (LDCs). Newly Industrialised Countries (NICs) are wealthier than other LEDCs, as their industries have grown and modernised. So does a simple North –South divide still exist

The Development Continuum… Complete the development continuum by pacing the labels below in the correct order. NICs MEDCs LDCs RICs LEDCs

The Development Continuum… LDCs LEDCs MEDC NICs RICs Over time the development gap has become wider. The G8 countries decided upon the Millennium goals as a means to help close the gap

How can development be affected by aid? Some could explain in detail the differences between top down and bottom up approaches and explain an aid scheme in a LEDC and know its advantages and disadvantages. Most should recognise and explain the differences between top down and bottom up approaches with reference to a development scheme. All will recognise and describe the differences between the top down and bottom up approach. Complete the advantages and disadvantages of aid exercise

What is Aid? AID is help that is given from one country to another - usually MEDCs help LEDCs. Water Health care Food drops

Aid is ... Support Goods Services Money ... given to those in need

These people need the basic necessities of life such as: Food Aid Shelter

Clean Water Medical Attention And rescue

This is called ‘Short Term Aid’. It helps people in severe difficulty.

The best solution is a combination of Short and Long Term Aid There is also LONG TERM AID The aim of long term aid is to help LEDCs become more developed so that they will not need aid in the future. The best solution is a combination of Short and Long Term Aid

Different Types of Aid Long-term aid Match up the type of aid to the correct definition Short-term aid Emergency aid Voluntary aid Bilateral aid Bottom-up development Multilateral aid Food aid Top-down development Tied aid Sustainable development Non-governmental organisation

Money, food, goods and services given at times of dire need Emergency aid Edible commodities donated to needy populations Food aid Aid that is given by a number of countries and organisations, like the United Nations and the World Health Organisation Multilateral aid Foreign aid that must be used in the donor country to buy goods and service from the country giving the aid Tied aid Development that meets the needs of the people today without harming the ability of future generations to meet their own needs Sustainable development An independent charitable organisation that provides aid Non-governmental organisation Aid from one country to another Bilateral aid Money collected from the public (and sometimes governments) by non-governmental organisations Voluntary aid Aid that provides support for a short time, sometimes when there is an immediate need Short-term aid Development projects that are imposed in people from ‘above’ Top-down development Aid that provides support over a long period of time to make changes that last Long-term aid Development projects that start and work from the ‘grass-roots’ level Bottom-up development

What is top- down development? These tend to be big schemes and decisions are made by the national government. Local people who often live near the scheme do not get involved in the process Examples:

Top Down Decision Making External Groups e.g. World Bank, TNCs National Government Top Down Decision Making Local People

What is bottom-up development? Local people are fully involved in the process and decision making Examples:

Bottom Up Decision Making External Groups e.g. World Bank, TNCs Decision made here National Government Local People

Complete the top down, bottom up exercise These three projects show contrasting strategies. ‘A’ is a small-scale, bottom-up intermediate technology project ‘C’ is a classic ‘top-down’ ‘big project’ with clear winners and losers ‘B’ is less easy to pigeon-hole as it is a national scheme, hi-tech, but aimed at the poorest and led by an NGO with a private partner Complete the top down, bottom up exercise

Top Down Projects Top Down Approach Conditions often attached to the loans Relies on external links and technology Dams etc provide energy needed for the country to develop Uses machinery etc rather than providing jobs for local people Top Down Approach Often environmentally effective as they use cheaper fuels e.g. HEP Country gets into debt as it borrows money from the World Bank etc As these areas grow the take away resources from peripheral areas

Bottom Up Projects Bottom up Approach Involve the local people Appropriate technology to the local skill level Bottom up Approach

Which is the best option? 1. Looking at both Top down and bottom up approaches to development, which do you feel is the best option and why? 2. Foreign aid might be defined as a transfer of money from poor people in rich countries to rich people in poor countries.’ Explain this comment

Which statement do you agree with? Aid creates dependency and will never really take the poorest out of poverty Statement 2 Aid is a powerful way of changing the lives of the poorest for the better Which do you agree with and why?

Sustainability Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising (limiting) the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

The Criteria – are they achievable? Involve local people in decision making Be affordable – not put countries/people into debt Promote good help i.e. no negative effects on people Protect and encourage native plants and animals Use land that has already been developed before i.e. brownfield sites Minimise waste and encourage recycling Minimise energy use and use natural resources e.g. solar power Minimise pollution Minimise water use and use rainwater where possible Offer benefits to the poor as well as the rich

Goats or computers? YOU DECIDE! Read page 168 of OCR GCSE Geography

£500

Goat Oxfam Unwrapped Oxfam's Online Shop.flv

Computer Aid International.avi

Oxfam Education Resources index Calendar of Action and Learning - Explore Overseas Aid.mp4