Iceland – Northern Europe Problems with recreational activities Off-road driving – banned since 1999 Walking/Hiking – glaciers/mountains Whale watching Horse riding Educational visits Snorkelling/kayaking Skiing Problems with recreational activities Too many people visiting sensitive areas – in some areas the number of visitors is more than the land can cope with Plants are damaged by off-roading, growing season short so grow back slowly Volcanic soils are loose – tyres easily dig deep ruts Soils easily eroded by wind and rain Most people visit in June and July – this needs to be spread out over time but there is poor weather. Key Words Urbanisation Counter-urbanisation Second home Rural Depopulation Migration Services Net out-migration Fjord Unsustainable Diversify Multi-national company (MNC) Renewable resources Hydro-electric power (HEP) High tech industries Sustainable development Positive multiplier effect Negative multiplier effect Honeypot site Permafrost Geothermal energy The environmental Association formed in 1966 to protect Iceland 2012 – 1.1 million tourists West Fjords Golden Circle Rural area One hour’s drive east of Reykjavik Contains most popular attractions – Geysir, Gullfoss Second homes – Grimsnes – 15oo holiday homes only 356 permanent residents Reykjavik Golden Circle Reasons for counter-urbanisation Escape city Quieter/calmer Natural environment to enjoy Outdoor pursuits easily available Housing available More disposable income Cheap house prices Effects of counter-urbanisation Second homes in Golden Circle Change the rural communities Use the services that should be available for the local people Creates jobs for locals – construction Air pollution from commuting Management of tourism There has been a lack of regulations Construction of hiking paths, wooden stairs, viewing platforms. Larger car parks