LATMOS-IPSL, CNRS/UVSQ

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Presentation transcript:

LATMOS-IPSL, CNRS/UVSQ 25.06.2018 Dehydration, hydration and horizontal transport in the tropical UT/LS from high-resolution in situ observations Sergey M. Khaykin LATMOS-IPSL, CNRS/UVSQ J.-P. Pommereau, E. Riviere, N. Amarouche, M. Ghysel, A. Hauchecorne, J.-P. Vernier, F.G. Wienhold, H. Vömel, G. Held, S. Evan, T. Thornberry, A. Rollins, D. Fahey, K. Rosenlof,, M. Fujiwara. Strateole-2 workshop, Paris, March 18-19 2015

TRO-Pico balloon campaigns, Brazil, 22°S, Feb-Mar 2012, Jan-Feb 2013 25.06.2018 Experimental setup TRO-Pico balloon campaigns, Brazil, 22°S, Feb-Mar 2012, Jan-Feb 2013 to study the impact of convective overshooting on stratospheric water budget Zero-pressure plastic 500 and 1500 m3 balloons 500, 800 and 1200 g Totex rubber balloons Flight train Species Nb of flights in 2012, 2013 Pico-SDLA H2O + LOAC H2O and aerosol 1 2 Pico-SDLA CH4 CH4 Pico-SDLA CH4 +Pico-SDLA H2O H2O and CH4 Pico-SDLA CO2 +Pico-SDLA H2O H2O and CO2 3 Pico-SDLA H2O H2O pico-SDLA H2O dry wet / wet dry transition period (SMOP) 4 7 Mini-SAOZ O3, NO2, H2O, H2CO, BrO FLASH and COBALD 6 13 FLASH + COBALD + LOAC COBALD aerosol RS92 radiosonde, series of ~4 RS a day (in number of days) P, T, U 10 15 25 Plastic balloons Rubber balloons

TroPico-I balloon campaign, Brazil, 22°S, Feb-Mar 2012 25.06.2018 Hydration by convective overshooting TroPico-I balloon campaign, Brazil, 22°S, Feb-Mar 2012 Balloon sounding (FLASH hygrometer) Radar echo tops and trajectories ascent descent Balloon trajectory WV enhancements are associated with convective overshooting cells upwind (reaching 17 km) detected by the radar 6 hours before the sounding Injection of water into the stratosphere: hydration at local / mesoscale.

TroPico-I balloon campaign, Brazil, 22°S, Feb-Mar 2012 25.06.2018 Hydration by convective overshooting TroPico-I balloon campaign, Brazil, 22°S, Feb-Mar 2012 Balloon sounding (FLASH hygrometer) Radar echo tops and trajectories ascent descent WV enhancements are associated with convective overshooting cells upwind (reaching 17 km) detected by the radar 6 hours before the sounding Injection of water into the stratosphere: hydration at local / mesoscale.

Hydration by convective overshooting: CRM modeling 25.06.2018 Hydration by convective overshooting: CRM modeling Tro-Pico-I balloon campaign, Brazil, 22°S, Feb-Mar 2012 BRAMS CRM simulation for 13 Mar 2012 Hydration by overshooting Courtesy of Emmanuel Riviere, GSMA CRM reproduces the injection of water into the stratosphere

Horizontal transport (in-mixing) in the tropical LS 25.06.2018 Horizontal transport (in-mixing) in the tropical LS sounding location Circles = trajectories initialized from the WV/BSR enhancement (18.5 km); Triangles = trajectories initialized at other levels.

In-mixing of extra-tropical air affects tropical LS composition 25.06.2018 Horizontal transport (in-mixing) in the tropical LS In situ, satellite and CTM CLaMS CTM simulation: H2O @ 420 K H2O Horiz. transport Vertical transport Filament of humid air above Bauru captured by CTM In-mixing of extra-tropical air affects tropical LS composition

Water vapour intercomparison 25.06.2018 TroPico-II balloon campaign, Brazil, 22°S, Jan-Feb 2013 Comparison between FLASH-B and Pico-SDLA hygrometers Excellent agreement between FLASH and PicoSDLA

Temperature anomaly at CPT level Anomalous cooling and dehydration in Jan 2013 25.06.2018 Temperature anomaly at CPT level Exceptionally cold tropopause (- 4 K) in January 2013

Dehydration TroPico-II balloon campaign, Brazil, 22°S, Jan-Feb 2013 25.06.2018 TroPico-II balloon campaign, Brazil, 22°S, Jan-Feb 2013 Dehydration Local scale Hydration 18 26 27 31 02 06 10 11 13 Synoptic scale Significant dehydration of TTL (-2 ppmv) above S. America: regional or planetary scale event?

SSW and TTL cooling/dehydration 25.06.2018 SSW and TTL cooling/dehydration Change of 10 hPa temperature during SSW, 2012/13 winter Zonal mean H2O, H2O anomaly and T anomaly MLS and COSMIC, 2013-2014 Arctic Tropics Cold point T and Z CPZ SSW onset, Jan 6 CPT Evan et al., QJRMS, in review Khaykin et al., in prep. Enhanced tropical upwelling and convection during SSW resulted in TTL cooling and extreme dehydration

SSW and TTL cooling/dehydration 25.06.2018 SSW and TTL cooling/dehydration CFH and MLS H2O 10 Jan 2014, Biak, Indonesia CFH and MLS H2O 12 Jan 2014, Hanoi, Vietnam 0.5 ppmv (!!!)

Clouds and dehydration 25.06.2018 Pre-dehydration phase: formation of subvisible cirrus clouds at CPT level with extreme supersaturation and low backscatter Tmin=187.8 K Cirrus with extreme supersaturation (165 %) and low backscatter Subsaturated cirrus with very high backscatter

Light-weight instrumentation for water vapour and aerosol 25.06.2018 FLASH-B Fluorescence Lyman-Alpha Stratospheric Hygrometer COBALD Compact Optical Backscatter AerosoL Detector Range of water vapour measurements Detection limit Integration time Vertical resolution Measurement precision Total uncertainty Height range Weight 0.5...1000 ppmv 0.1 ppmv 4 s ~ 20-150 m 5 % <10 % (1σ) 350… 5 hPa 0.4 kg w/out batteries Light sources Detector Angle Response time Weight 2 LED’s λ1 = 455 nm, λ2 = 870 nm Wide range silicon detector θ = 174°.. 180° 1s ~ 0.5 kg

Courtesy of A. Lykov and D. Efremov (Roshydromet) Unmanned aircraft (UAV) droppable from meteo balloon 25.06.2018 FLASH COBALD Courtesy of A. Lykov and D. Efremov (Roshydromet)

Summary and proposal for Strateole-II 25.06.2018 In situ balloon soundings of H2O and aerosol show high potential for studying the mechanisms controlling tropical UT/LS composition (cross-tropopause overshooting, horizontal transport/in-mixing, dehydration, cloud formation etc.) Excellent agreement between FLASH-B and Pico-SDLA hygrometers Proposal for Strateole-II: validation flights with FLASH, COBALD and any other sensors => during or after the main phase of Strateole-II => equatorial site (same as Strateole ?) => small plastic or weather balloons => balloon-lifted UAV (cost-efficient soundings, indispensable for island sites) => funding to be raised (ANR, CNES, … ?)

SSW and lower stratosphere composition 25.06.2018 SSW and lower stratosphere composition Tape recorder signal in zonal mean H2O from Aura MLS Zonal wind @ 50-70 hPa H2O zonal mean latitude distribution @ 82 hPa No SSW Major Interannual variability of H2O is governed by the extra-tropical dynamics and QBO

Extratropical dynamics is an important driver of global LS composition 25.06.2018 SSW and lower stratosphere composition Tape recorder signal in zonal mean H2O from Aura MLS Zonal wind @ 50-70 hPa Zonal wind @ 50-70 hPa CO zonal mean latitude distribution @ 68 hPa No SSW Major Extratropical dynamics is an important driver of global LS composition

SSW and lower stratosphere composition 25.06.2018 SSW and lower stratosphere composition Tape recorder signal in zonal mean H2O from Aura MLS CMIP5 H2O Zonal wind @ 50-70 hPa AOGCM INM Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russia Courtesy of P. Vargin and E. Volodin Jiang et al., 2012 Interannual variability of H2O is not correctly reproduced by CMIP5 models

SSW and TTL cooling/dehydration 25.06.2018 SSW and TTL cooling/dehydration SSW onset Increase of tropical upwelling and convection after SSW Enhanced transport of CO into the stratosphere above most convective region SH Africa Enhanced transport of H2O into the TTL and freezing at CPT Net effect = LS dehydration

Deep convection and LS water vapour 25.06.2018 Deep convection and LS water vapour H2O zonal anomaly in SH tropics (25°S - 15°S) from Aura MLS Wet signal above continents during convective season Hydration of LS at synoptic scale seen by MLS. What is its contribution compared to dehydration?

Coincident cooling and drying above Brazil during Tropico-2013 25.06.2018 Temperature Water vapour

25.06.2018