Research Methods: Concepts and Connections First Edition Michael Passer Research Methods: Concepts and Connections First Edition Chapter 8: Single-factor Experimental Designs Clicker Questions Questions by Melissa Terlecki, Cabrini College © 2013 by Worth Publishers

Chapter 8 1. Experimental control does NOT include which of the following? manipulation of one or more independent variables choice of dependent variable measurement regulation of the research environment allowance of confounding variables

Chapter 8 (Answer) 1. Experimental control does NOT include which of the following? manipulation of one or more independent variables choice of dependent variable measurement regulation of the research environment allowance of confounding variables

Chapter 8 2. Which criteria for a causal conclusion is achieved by exposing participants to the manipulated independent variable prior to any changes in the dependent variable? covariation of X and Y temporal order absence of plausible alternatives confounding variable

Chapter 8 (Answer) 2. Which criteria for a causal conclusion is achieved by exposing participants to the manipulated independent variable prior to any changes in the dependent variable? covariation of X and Y temporal order absence of plausible alternatives confounding variable

Chapter 8 3. When one consistently alters their behavior towards participants based on experimental condition, it is called: systematic bias. random assignment. counterbalancing. between-subjects design.

Chapter 8 (Answer) 3. When one consistently alters their behavior towards participants based on experimental condition, it is called: systematic bias. random assignment. counterbalancing. between-subjects design.

Chapter 8 In an experiment where all participants partake in four different yoga exercises and are then assessed for stress levels, it would be considered (a): between-subjects design. within-subjects design. confounding variable. experimental control.

Chapter 8 (Answer) In an experiment where all participants partake in four different yoga exercises and are then assessed for stress levels, it would be considered (a): between-subjects design. within-subjects design. confounding variable. experimental control.

Chapter 8 5. If participants are asked to visualize versus verbalize material (in their minds) that they need to remember, it would be an example of which approach in creating independent variables? manipulating organism characteristics altering the physical environment varying the strategy used altering the social environment

Chapter 8 (Answer) 5. If participants are asked to visualize versus verbalize material (in their minds) that they need to remember, it would be an example of which approach in creating independent variables? manipulating organism characteristics altering the physical environment varying the strategy used altering the social environment

Chapter 8 6. In an experiment where the effect of caffeine is measured in student alertness during class, the independent variable would be: caffeine. alertness. gender of student. test-taking ability.

Chapter 8 (Answer) 6. In an experiment where the effect of caffeine is measured in student alertness during class, the independent variable would be: caffeine. alertness. gender of student. test-taking ability.

Chapter 8 7. Which is an advantage of between-subjects designs? creation of different but equivalent versions of the same task carry over of exposure doesn’t occur control of preexisting participant characteristics recruitment of many participants to fill groups

Chapter 8 (Answer) 7. Which is an advantage of between-subjects designs? creation of different but equivalent versions of the same task carry over of exposure doesn’t occur control of preexisting participant characteristics recruitment of many participants to fill groups

Chapter 8 8. Which type of between-subjects design includes random order of conditions within rounds? matched-groups design natural-groups design random-groups design block randomization

Chapter 8 (Answer) 8. Which type of between-subjects design includes random order of conditions within rounds? matched-groups design natural-groups design random-groups design block randomization

Chapter 8 9. Which type of between-subjects design might separate preexisting groups of smokers and non-smokers to compare lung function? matched-groups design natural-groups design random-groups design block randomization design

Chapter 8 (Answer) 9. Which type of between-subjects design might separate preexisting groups of smokers and non-smokers to compare lung function? matched-groups design natural-groups design random-groups design block randomization

Chapter 8 The difference between random assignment and random sampling is that: random sampling is when each member of the population has an equal probability of being selected. random sampling is used to determine the specific condition to which each participant will be exposed. the goal of random assignment is to select a representative sample. the goal of random sampling is to ensure participants across conditions are equivalent.

Chapter 8 (Answer) The difference between random assignment and random sampling is that: random sampling is when each member of the population has an equal probability of being selected. random sampling is used to determine the specific condition to which each participant will be exposed. the goal of random assignment is to select a representative sample. the goal of random sampling is to ensure participants across conditions are equivalent.

Chapter 8 11. Which is a disadvantage of within-subjects designs? potential for order effects requirement of fewer participants collection of more data per condition creation of equivalent groups

Chapter 8 (Answer) 11. Which is a disadvantage of within-subjects designs? potential for order effects requirement of fewer participants collection of more data per condition creation of equivalent groups

Chapter 8 12. An experiment where participants become more fatigued across four conditions of speed training would be an example of: carryover effects. order effects. progressive effects. counterbalancing.

Chapter 8 (Answer) 12. An experiment where participants become more fatigued across four conditions of speed training would be an example of: carryover effects. order effects. progressive effects. counterbalancing.

Chapter 8 13. Which type of within-subjects design involves the number of positions in a series by the number of orders in which each condition appearing only once in each column and row of a matrix? all possible orders design Latin square design random-selected orders design block randomization design

Chapter 8 (Answer) 13. Which type of within-subjects design involves the number of positions in a series by the number of orders in which each condition appearing only once in each column and row of a matrix? all possible orders design Latin square design random-selected orders design block randomization design

Chapter 8 14. Participants randomly receive brands A and B of fabric softener, then receive them again in the opposite order to rate them for softness. This would be an example of which type of design? Latin square design reverse-counterbalancing design block randomization design random-selected orders design

Chapter 8 (Answer) 14. Participants randomly receive brands A and B of fabric softener, then receive them again in the opposite order to rate them for softness. This would be an example of which type of design? Latin square design reverse-counterbalancing design block randomization design random-selected orders design

Chapter 8 15. Which is NOT used to analyze differences between more than two groups? analysis of variance (ANOVA) descriptive statistics post-hoc tests t-test

Chapter 8 (Answer) 15. Which is NOT used to analyze differences between more than two groups? analysis of variance (ANOVA) descriptive statistics post-hoc tests t-test